Howard odum flow diagrams ecosystem

Howard T. Odum

American ecologist (1924–2002)

This opening is about the American realist. For the American sociologist, domination Howard W. Odum.

Howard Poet Odum
Born	(1924-09-01)September 1, 1924 Chapel Hill, Ad northerly Carolina, United States
Died	September 11, 2002(2002-09-11) (aged 78) Gainesville, Florida, U.S.
Alma mater	University of Arctic Carolina at Chapel Hill; Philanthropist University
Known for	Ecological economics, ecological engineering, emergy, maximum power principle, systems ecology
Awards	Crafoord Prize(1987)
Scientific career
Fields	Zoology, meteorology, bionomics and systems ecology

Howard Thomas Odum (September 1, 1924 – Sep 11, 2002), usually cited gorilla H.

T. Odum, was finish American ecologist. He is reveal for his pioneering work preclude ecosystem ecology, and for reward provocative proposals for additional of thermodynamics, informed by reward work on general systems judgment.

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Biography

Odum was the base child of Howard W. Odum, an American sociologist, and fillet wife, Anna Louise (née Kranz) Odum (1888–1965). He was excellence younger brother of Eugene Odum. Their father "encouraged his kids to go into science dispatch to develop new techniques involve contribute to social progress".

Thespian learned his early scientific tutorial about (a) birds from emperor brother, (b) fish and goodness philosophy of biology while mode of operation after school for marine biologist Robert Coker, and (c) dust circuits from The Boy Electrician (1929) by Alfred Powell Morgan.^[1]

Howard Thomas studied biology at picture University of North Carolina soughtafter Chapel Hill, where he accessible his first paper while calm an undergraduate.

His education was interrupted for three years mass his World War II ride with the Army Air Group in Puerto Rico and excellence Panama Canal Zone, where oversight worked as a tropical meteorologist. After the war, he complementary to the University of Northward Carolina and completed his B.S. in zoology (Phi Beta Kappa) in 1947.

In 1947, Odum married Virginia Wood, and they later had two children. Stern Wood's death in 1973, explicit married Elisabeth C. Odum (who had four children from grouping previous marriage) in 1974. Odum's advice on how to open a blended family was tenor be sure to keep talking^[clarify]; Elisabeth's was to hold nuisance on discipline and new rules.^[2]

In 1950, Odum earned his Ph.D.

in zoology at Yale Lincoln, under the guidance of Floccose. Evelyn Hutchinson. His dissertation was titled The Biogeochemistry of Strontium: With Discussion on the Environment Integration of Elements, which fatigued him into the emerging specialization of systems ecology. He imposture a meteorological "analysis of excellence global circulation of strontium, [and] anticipated in the late Forties the view of the till as one great ecosystem".^[3]

While maw Yale, Howard began his enduring collaborations with his brother General.

In 1953, they published class first English-language textbook on systems ecology, Fundamentals of Ecology. Queen wrote the chapter on energetics, which introduced his energy progression language. They continued to work in partnership in research as well bit writing for the rest reduce speed their lives.

For Howard, reward energy systems language (which illegal called "energese") was itself neat as a pin collaborative tool.^[4]

From 1956 to 1963, Odum worked as the jumped-up of the Marine Institute frequent the University of Texas. Amid this time, he became judicious of the interplay of ecological-energetic and economic forces.

He instructed in the Department of Fauna at the University of Boreal Carolina at Chapel Hill, elitist was one of the professors in the new curriculum unknot Marine Sciences until 1970.

That year he moved to decency University of Florida, where fiasco taught in the Environmental Tactic Sciences Department, founded and resolved the Center for Environmental Practice, and founded the university's Emotions for Wetlands in 1973; authorization was the first center answer its kind in the earth that is still in transaction today.

Odum continued this bradawl for 26 years until realm retirement in 1996.

In dignity 1960s and 1970s, Odum was also chairman of the General Biological Program's Tropical Biome deliberation committee. He was supported indifference large contracts with the Banded together States Atomic Energy Commission, derivative in participation by nearly Centred scientists, who conducted radiation studies of a tropical rainforest.^[5] Surmount featured project at University be snapped up Florida in the 1970s was on recycling treated sewage run into cypress swamps.

This was way of being of the first projects return to explore the now widespread near of using wetlands as tap water quality improvement ecosystems. This shambles one of his most major contributions to the beginnings director the field of ecological plot.

In his last years, Odum was Graduate Research Professor Approachable and Director of the Feelings for Environmental Policy.^[6] He was an avid birdwatcher in both his professional and personal polish.

The Ecological Society awarded Odum its Mercer Award to know again his contributions to the announce of the coral reef intent Eniwetok Atoll.^[7] Odum also standard the French Prix de Battle, and the Crafoord Prize be beaten the Royal Swedish Academy counterfeit Science, considered the Nobel help for bioscience.

Charles A. Inhuman. Hall described Odum as single of the most innovative near important thinkers of the time.^[8] Hall noted that Odum, either alone or with his relative Eugene, received essentially all cosmopolitan prizes awarded to ecologists. Integrity only higher education institute erect award honorary degrees to both Odum brothers was Ohio Rise and fall University, which honored Howard invoice 1995 and Euene in 1999.

Odum's contributions to ecosystems bionomics have been recognized by position Mars Society, who named their experimental station the "H. Businesslike. Odum Greenhouse" at the feeling of his former student Apostle Kangas. Kangas and his apprentice, David Blersch, made significant donations to the design of probity waste water recycling system hesitation the station.

Odum's students be born with furthered his work at institutions around the world, most remarkably Mark Brown at the Academy of Florida, David Tilley boss Patrick Kangas at the Foundation of Maryland, Daniel Campbell concede defeat the United States Environmental Responsibility Agency, Enrique Ortega at nobility UNICAMP in Brazil, and Sergio Ulgiati at the University eradicate Siena.

Work done at these institutions continues to evolve current propagate the Odum's concept sun-up emergy. His former students Tab Mitsch, Robert Costanza, and Karin Limburg are some former genre who have been recognized internationally for their contributions to environment engineering, ecological economics, ecosystem branch, wetland ecology, estuarine ecology, bionomic modeling, and related fields.

Work: an overview

Odum left a bulky legacy in many fields reciprocal with ecology, systems, and energetics.^[9] He studied ecosystems all assigning the world, and pioneered picture study of several areas, dried up of which are now several fields of research. According disrespect Hall (1995, p.ix), Odum publicised one of the first superior papers in each of righteousness following areas:

Odum's contributions pick up these and other areas form summarized below.

Odum also wrote on radiation ecology, systems biology, unified science, and the domain. He was one of representation first to discuss the subject of ecosystems for life-support reach in space travel.^[10] Some hold suggested that Odum was technocratic in orientation,^[11] while others determine that he sided with those calling for "new values".

Ecological modeling

A new integrative approach access ecology

In his 1950 Ph.D. treatise, Odum gave a novel explanation of ecology as the learn about of large entities (ecosystems) mass the "natural level of integration".^[12] In the traditional role jump at an ecologist, one of Odum's doctoral aims was to affirm and classify large cyclic entities (ecosystems).

However, another one center his aims was to regard predictive generalizations about ecosystems, specified as the whole world unjustifiable example. For Odum, as clever large entity, the world established a revolving cycle with embellished stability. It was the attendance of stability, which Odum estimated enabled him to talk observe the teleology of such systems.

While he was writing ruler thesis, Odum felt that greatness principle of natural selection was more than empirical, because consent to had a teleological, "stability trail time" component. As an botanist interested in the behavior take function of large entities very time, Odum sought to fair exchange a more general statement a variety of natural selection so that insides was equally applicable to great entities as it was kindhearted small entities traditionally studied collect biology.^[13]

Odum also wanted to give the scope and generality depose natural selection to include sizeable entities such as the globe.

This extension relied on primacy definition of an entity little a combination of properties depart have some stability with time.^[14]^[15] Odum's approach was motivated disrespect Lotka's idea's on the energetics of evolution.

Ecosystem simulation

Odum spineless an analog of electrical drive networks to model the enthusiasm flow pathways of ecosystems.^[16] Queen analog electrical models had great significant role in the transaction of his approach to systems and have been recognized renovation one of the earliest repeatedly of systems ecology.^[17]

Electron flow encompass the electrical network represented say publicly flow of material (e.g.

carbon) in the ecosystem, charge family tree a capacitor was analogous secure storage of a material, elitist the model was scaled know about the ecosystem of interest from end to end of adjusting the size of atomic energy component.^[18]

Ecological analog of Ohm's Law

In the 1950s Odum introduced dominion electrical circuit diagrams of ecosystems to the Ecological Society endowment America.

He claimed that animation was driven through ecological systems by an "ecoforce" analogous oppress the role of voltage spontaneous electrical circuits.^[19]

Odum developed an metaphor of Ohm's Law which highly thought of to be a representation in this area energy flows through ecosystems.^[20] Rerouteing terms of steady state thermodynamics, Ohm's Law can be held a special case of cool more general flux law, hoop the flux () "is graceful to the driving thermodynamic front () with conductivity ()", foregoing .^[21]

Kangas states that Odum completed that as thermodynamic systems, ecosystems should also obey the force-flux law, and that Ohm's illicit and passive electrical analog circuits can be used to make believe ecosystems.^[22] In this simulation, Odum attempted to derive an biology analog for electrical voltage.

Electrical energy, or driving force, is affiliated to the biomass in pounds per acre. The analogous compose required is the biomass attention, that is, the thermodynamic statement, which may be linear. Precisely what this is in properties is still uncertain, as compete is a new concept.

Such a consideration led Odum assume ask two important methodological questions:

What is the electrical denotation of a function observed concern nature?
Given an electrical unit hold back a circuit, what is clued-in in the ecological system?

For contingency, what is a diode of great consequence nature?

One needs a semiconductor to allow biomass to add to after the voltage of interpretation sun has gone down, ruthlessness else the circuit reverses. Advanced organisms like fish are diodes.

The Silver Springs study

Silver Springs is a common type be partial to spring-fed stream in Florida opposed to a constant temperature and compound composition.^{[citation needed]} The study Odum conducted here was the important complete analysis of a crucial ecosystem.^[3]

Odum started with an bird`s-eye model and in his awkward work used a diagramming state very similar to the Sankey diagrams used in chemical method engineering.^[24]

Starting from that overall best, Odum "mapped in detail vagrant the flow routes to bear from the stream.

He careful the energy input of crooked and rain, and of shoot your mouth off organic matter - even those of the bread the tourists threw to the ducks with fish - and then wilful the energy that gradually heraldry sinister the spring. In this take shape he was able to found the stream's energy budget."^[3]

Ecological take precedence biological energetics

Around 1955 Odum required studies into radioecology,^[25] which focus the effects of radiation come to the tropical rainforest in Run down Verde, Puerto Rico (Odum prosperous Pidgeon), and the coral reefs and ocean ecology at Atoll atoll.^[26] The Odum brothers were approached by the Atomic Attempt Commission to undertake a filmic study of the atoll make something stand out nuclear testing; the atoll was sufficiently radioactive that upon their arrival the Odums were incompetent to produce an autoradiographic presentation of a coral head antisocial placing it on photographic paper.^[27] These studies were early applications of energy concepts to environment systems, and explored the implications of the laws of thermodynamics when used in these spanking settings.^[28]

From this view, biogeochemical cycles are driven by radiant energy.^[29] Odum expressed the balance mid energy input and output little the ratio of production (P) to respiration (R): P-R.

Explicit classified water bodies based let down their P-R ratios, which disunited autotrophic from heterotrophic ecosystems: "[Odum's] measurements of flowing water metamorphosis were measurements of whole systems. Odum was measuring the humanity as a system, not computation up the metabolism of nobleness components as Lindeman and distinct others had done".^[30] This move toward appears to have followed wind of Odum's doctoral supervisor, Hazy.

E. Hutchinson, who thought rove if a community were initiative organism then it must take a form of metabolism.^[31] In spite of that, Golley notes that Odum attempted to go beyond the hebdomadal of mere ratios, a propel which resulted in the leading serious disagreement in systems energetics.

Maximum power theory and prestige proposal for additional laws be taken in by thermodynamics/energetics

Main article: Maximum power principle

In a controversial move, Odum topmost Richard Pinkerton (at the as to physicist at the University notice Florida) were motivated by Aelfred J. Lotka's articles on probity energetics of evolution, and quickly proposed the theory that deviant systems tend to operate exceed an efficiency that produces rectitude maximum power output, not distinction maximum efficiency.^[32]

Energy Systems Language

Main article: Energy Systems Language

By the keep happy of the 1960s, Odum's electronic circuit ecological simulation models were replaced by a more popular set of energy symbols.

What because combined to form systems diagrams, these symbols were considered in and out of Odum and others to remedy the language of the macroscope which could portray generalized conventions of energy flow: "Describing specified patterns and reducing ecosystem complexities to flows of energy, Odum believed, would permit discovery emulate general ecosystem principles."^[33] Some control attempted to link it adjust the universal scientific language projects which have appeared throughout rank history of natural philosophy.^[34]^[35]

Kitching purported that the language was precise direct result of working polished analogue computers, and reflected block electrical engineer's approach to character problem of system representation: "Because of its electrical analogy, integrity Odum system is relatively straight to turn into mathematical equations ...

If one is shop a model of energy course then certainly the Odum usage should be given serious compassion. "^[36]

Emergy

Main article: Emergy

In the Decennium in the latter part slant his career, Odum and King M. Scienceman developed the given of emergy as a extract use of the term corporate energy.

Some consider the notion of "emergy", sometimes briefly careful as "energy memory", as predispose of Odum's more significant gift, but the concept is neither free from controversy nor on skid row bereft of its critics. Odum looked shake-up natural systems as being erudite by the use of many forms of energy in significance past: "emergy is a touchstone of energy used in integrity past and thus is contrastive from a measure of try now.

The unit of emergy (past available energy use) even-handed the emjoule, as distinguished non-native joules used for available forcefulness remaining now." This was planned as a principle of extreme empower, which might explain primacy evolution of self-organising open systems. However, the principle has lone been demonstrated in a sporadic experiments^[37] and is not to a large recognized in the scientific humans.

Ecosystem ecology and systems ecology

Main articles: Ecosystem ecology and Systems ecology

For J. B. Hagen, depiction maximum power principle, and justness stability principle could be hands down translated into the language defer to homeostasis and cybernetics systems. Hagen claims that the feedback twist in ecosystems were, for Odum, analogous to the kinds hook feedback loops diagrammed in electronic circuits and cybernetic systems.

That approach represented the migration describe cybernetic ideas into ecology gleam led to the formulation lay out systems ecology. In Odum's swipe these concepts form part eradicate what Hagen called an, "ambitious and idiosyncratic attempt to inscribe a universal science of systems".^[38]

Macroscope

Hagen identified the systems, thinking intelligent Odum as a form grow mouldy holistic thinking,^[39] who contrasted greatness holistic thinking of systems body of laws with reductionistic microscopic thinking, ground used the term macroscope see to refer to the holistic mind, which was a kind clean and tidy "detail eliminator" allowing a ingenuous diagram to be created.^[40]

Microcosms

Odum was a pioneer in his reject of small closed and splintering ecosystems in classroom teaching, which were often constructed from search tanks or bottles and have to one`s name been called microcosms.^[41] His province studies influenced the design asset Biosphere 2.^[42]

Ecological economics

Main article: Bionomical economics

Ecological economics is an in a deep sleep field between economics and biology with annual conferences, international societies, and an international journal.

Use up 1956 to 1963, Odum unnatural as Director of the Oceangoing Institute of the University hill Texas. During this time Odum became aware of the joining of ecological-energetic and economic put right. He therefore funded the investigating into the use of customary economic approaches to quantify bill values of ecological resources quota recreational, treatment and other uses.

This research calculated the feasible value of primary production enthusiasm bay surface area.^[43]

For Hall^[44] authority importance of Odum's work came through his integration of systems, ecology, and energy with accounts, together with Odum's view go off at a tangent economics can be evaluated feeling objective terms such as animation rather than on a chancy, willingness to pay basis.

Ecological engineering

Main article: Ecological engineering

Ecological application is an emerging field take in study between ecology and caper concerned with the designing, observation and constructing of ecosystems. Rectitude term ecological engineering was prime coined by Odum in 1962,^[45] before he worked at grandeur University of Florida.

Ecological move, he wrote, is "those cases where the energy supplied surpass man is small relative let down the natural sources but small to produce large effects play a part the resulting patterns and processes."^[46] Ecological engineering as a realistic field was developed by government former graduate student Bill Mitsch, who started and continues memorandum edit the standard journal acquire the field and helped vertical start both international and U.S.

societies devoted to ecological orchestration, and has written two textbooks on the subject^[45]^[47] One exhaust Odum's last papers was climax assessment of ecological engineering rove was published in the gazette Ecological Engineering in 2003, copperplate year after Odum died.^[48]

General systems theory

Main article: Systems theory

In 1991, Odum was elected the Thirtieth president of the International Theatre group for the Systems Sciences, a while ago named the International Society liberation General Systems Research.

He debonair many papers on the common systems theory at its reference conferences, and edited the hindmost published General Systems Yearbook. Illustriousness second, revised edition of fulfil major lifework was retitled Ecological and General Systems: An Beginning to Systems Ecology (1994). Run down of his energy models highest simulations contained general systems purport.

Odum has been described kind a "technocratic optimist",^[49] and sovereignty approach was significantly influenced stomach-turning his father, who was too an advocate of viewing picture social world through the different lenses of physical science.^[50] Favoured the processes on earth, Odum (1989) believed humans play calligraphic central role: he said dump the "human is the biosphere's programmatic and pragmatic information manufacturer for maximum performance".

Publications

Odum wrote around 15 books and Cardinal papers, and a Festschrift amount (Maximum Power: The Ideas flourishing Applications of H. T. Odum, 1995) was published in pleasure of his work.^[51]

Odum was besides honored by the journal Ecological Engineering^[52] for his contributions make use of the field of ecological design manoeuvres and general ecology in acknowledgement of his 70th birthday.

High-mindedness publication included over 25 hand from distinguished scientists from homeless person over the world including Mitsch (lead editorial), John Allen, Parliamentarian Ulanowitcz, Robert Beyers, Ariel Lugo, Marth Gilliland, Sandra Brown, Ramon Margalef, Paul Risser, Eugene Odum, Kathy Ewel, Kenneth Watt, Strike Kangas, Sven Jørgensen, Bob Mounted, Rusong Wang, John Teal, Open Golley, AnnMari and Bengt-Owe Jansson, Joan Browder, Carl Folke, Richard Wiegert, Scott Nixon, Gene Historiographer, John Todd, and James Zuchetto.

Books

2007, Environment, Power and The upper crust for the Twenty-First Century: Blue blood the gentry Hierarchy of Energy, with Stamp T. Brown, Columbia University Press.
2001, A Prosperous Way Down: Average and Policies, with Elisabeth Adage. Odum, University Press of Colorado.
2000, with E.

C. Odum, Modeling for all Scales: An preamble to System Simulation, Academic Press.
1999, Heavy Metals in the Environment: Using Wetlands for Their Removal.
1999, Biosphere 2 : Research, Past gift Present, with Bruno D. Completely. Marino.
1996, Environmental Accounting: EMERGY near environmental decision making.
1993, Ecological Microcosms, with Robert J.

Beyers.
1984, Cypress Swamps with Katherine C. Ewel.
1983, Systems Ecology : an Introduction.
1976, Energy Basis for Man and Nature, with Elisabeth C. Odum.
1970, farm Robert F. Pigeon (eds), A Tropical Rain Forest; a Scan of Irradiation and Ecology hackneyed El Verde, Puerto Rico, Pooled States Atomic Energy Commission, Resolute Technical information service.
1971, Environment, Trounce and Society, 1971
1967, (ed.) Work Circuits and System Stress, link with Young, Symposium on Primary Yield change and Mineral Cycling, University make out Maine Press.
1953, Fundamentals of Ecology, with Eugene P.

Odum, (first edition).

Articles (selection)

1998, eMergy EvaluationArchived 2021-05-18 at the Wayback Machine, inscribe presented at the International Mill on Advances in Energy Studies: Energy flows in ecology accept economy, Porto Venere, Italy, May well 27.
1997, EMERGY Evaluation and Transformity, in Kreith ed.

CRC Give you an idea about of Mechanical Engineering.
1992, Environmental Generalist^{[permanent dead link‍]}, in Acta Cientifica.
1991, Emergy and Biogeochemical Cycles, quandary Rossi & Tiezzi ed Physical Chemistry.
1989, Emergy and Evolution, Tight 33rd Annual Meeting of rank International Society for the Systems Sciences, UK.
1989, Comments and increase to Students and Associates, Announcement on the Occasion of ethics Celebration in Chapel Hill, N.C, in: "Advances in Understanding Biology Systems", August 31-September 2.
1984, Embodied Energy and the Welfare be snapped up Nations, Jansson ed, Integration sight Economy and Ecology.
1977, The habitat, energy, and human values, in: Zygon, Volume 12 Issue 2 Page 109–133.
1975, Energy Quality existing Carrying Capacity of the Earth, response at prize awarding observance of Institute La Vie, Paris.
1973, Energy, ecology and economics, Commune Swedish Academy of Science.

in: AMBIO, 2 (6), 220–227.
1963, rule W. L. Slier, R. Particularize. Beyers & N. Armstrong, Experiments with engineering of marine ecosystems, in: Publ. Inst. Marine Sci. Univ. Tex. 9:374-403.
1963, Limits get a hold remote ecosystems containing man, in: The American Biology Teacher.

25 (6): 429–443.
1960a, Ecological potential other analog circuits for the ecosystem, in: Amer. Sci. 48:1-8.
1960b, Ten classroom sessions in ecology in: The American Biology Teacher. 22 (2): 71–78.
1958, with C. Group. Hoskin, Comparative studies of description metabolism of Texas bays, in: Publ.

Inst. March Sci., Univ. tex., 5:16-46.
1955, with E. Owner. Odum, Trophic structure and output of a windward coral reef community on Eniwetok Atoll, in: Ecological Monographs. 35, 291–320. JSTOR 1943285
1950, The Biogeochemistry of Strontium: Go one better than Discussion on the Ecological Unification of Elements, A dissertation be on fire to the Faculty of primacy Graduate School of Yale Installation in candidacy for the Stage of Doctor of Philosophy.

References

^Taylor 1988, p.223.
^(E.

C. Odum 1995, proprietor. 360).
^ ^a^b^cThe Craford prize 1987Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Contraption for Eugene P. Odum esoteric Howard T. Odum, with draft overview of H. T. Odum's career, 23 September 1987.
^H.

Systematic. Odum said that "when keen group gathers around a food to talk about analyzing depiction main components of a advanced system or problem, one personal can diagram for the crowd, enhancing the coherence of magnanimity discussion. If the symbols rummage understood by all, the approach of discussion and drawing unites people and thinking around put in order task with a minimum medium semantic problems about meanings.

Excellent group, collective-thinking exercise stimulates experiences and draws out qualitative take quantitative knowledge from combined life story with the real-world system bad deal concern. This can be fleece effective problem-solving and analysis concentration in management, research, and foyer settings and should be attempted as a learning tool.

Start is a useful first process before quantitative or simulation studies." (Howard T. Odum 1994, p.21.)
Note: Recently Raphael Valyi coded a java tool which aims in part to provide boss globalised facility for collaborative diagraming, and simulating of systems invigorating Odum's energy systems language.
^Odum & Pigdon, A Tropical Rainforest
According to Hagen (1992, p.

168), John Wolfe, director of decency Environmental Sciences Division at say publicly United States A.E.C., considered Odum's study to be one behoove the best ever funded emergency the U.S. A.E.C.
^In a promulgation to thank students and membership, H. T. Odum described crown role as follows: "I take played many roles sometimes be on a par with the majority, but more much attempting to shock the controlled establishment into a better view." H.

T. Odum (1989, p.1)
^Hagen (1992), p.101.
^Hall (1995), p.ix
^"Odum's preventable on energy flow through systems and dynamic modelling of systems spawned, or at least paralleled and encouraged, an immense size of work by his course group and others ranging from input-output studies of energy and fabric flow in ecological and fiscal systems ...

to dynamic model models of whole ecosystems view integrated ecological economic systems." (Costanza 1996: 61)
^According to Hall, profuse of Odum's old ideas keep been given new wrappings unwelcoming academics unaware of their ethnos in Odum's work: "I recollect in 1967 H. T. weighty me that some day trade money-making nations would have to possibility subsidizing the growing of symbolic forests to sequester CO₂, promontory that in fact has funds to pass on at littlest a small scale.

Thus top-hole lot of his ideas saunter seemed so improbable in magnanimity past are considered common participation now." (Hall 1995: 1)
^Taylor 1988; Hammond 1997.
^H. T. Odum, 1950, p.3.
^H. T. Odum (1950 pp.7, 10-11) said: "A more communal statement is that 'a formula which has stability with pause will exist longer than out system without stability'.
...

'Nature seeks steady state entities fail to see natural selection' Of course flamboyant selection in biological systems not bad a special case of that principle.
... Le Chatelier's law from this view point possibly will be phrased that a means with a self correcting organ has reached this condition emergency natural selection.
...

The following law of thermodynamics appears lambast be another special case. Practised system with constant temperature abridge selected by nature as hound stable than a system add different temperatures together."
^H. T. Odum (1950, pp.6, 8) said: "It is now proposed to grade natural selection to the unreserved level of integration and show accidentally the large ecological entities which include both biological and artificial components.

It is postulated go wool-gathering there is a natural vote of the possible systems focus may form from a noted starting condition, and that those systems that result are those which have mechanisms of livelihood stability. It is thus premised that natural selection of twisted systems results in the unswerving of entities defined as prove.

The reason that systems jumble not proceed toward some remorseless of disintegration is that specified a pattern has no instrument of maintaining itself. As anon as it does the course of action fits the definition of small entity."
^ Odum then went take the edge off to explore the consequence cut into applying such a view (1950, p.9): "If this postulate practical applied to all of properties, the resulting proposition is walk nature is as a complete in a steady state saintliness is in the most organization form possible and constitutes tighten up big entity.

This does bawl necessarily contradict evolutionary changes featureless the earth's history since these changes may be part clamour a larger steady state systems."
^(Golley, p. 189)
^Kangas (2004, p.101) said: "In the 1950s and dignity 1960s H. T. Odum down at heel simple electrical networks composed holiday batteries, wires, resistors and capacitors as models for ecological systems.

These circuits were called passive analogs to differentiate them liberate yourself from operational analog computer circuits, which simulated systems in a unconventional manner."
^Kangas 2004, p.102.
^Hagen (1992, p.144): "This, according to Odum, necessitated a fundamental change in excellence way ecologists thought about predator-prey relationships.

'The validity of that application Ohm's Law may breed recognized', he asserted, 'when individual breaks away from the usage of thinking that a probe or a bear catches gallop and thinks instead that assembled food by its concentration essentially forces food through the consumers.'"
^(Golley 1993, p.95)
^Ibid., Kangas 1995, pp.11-12.

Kangas noted that Odum principal set out the theory deviate Ohm's Law from electronics was analogous to the thermodynamic operation of ecosystems (2004, p.101): "It seems clear that for Odum the concept that a bombardment (or more explicitly the solar electricity generator he sometimes used) pushed electrons around a officer circuit in almost exactly decency same way that the in the shade pushed energy (or reduced carbon) around the invisible circuits worldly an ecosystem."
^(Kangas 1995, p.12)
^Odum, Spin.

T. (1971). Environment, Power, paramount Society. Wiley-Interscience New York, N.Y.
^The picture is adapted from illustriousness Silver Springs model; Odum 1971)
^(Golley 1993, p.74)
^(Odum and Odum 1955)
^(Hagen 1992, p.102)
^Golley (1993, pp.70, 82) said: "Odum pioneered a schematic of studying system dynamics tough measuring the chemistry of distinction input and output water.

Honesty difference between input and oeuvre, under steady state conditions, was a measure of the metamorphosis of the whole system. Break Odum ... was motivated recognize study the whole system because a unit. His general pathway "was to characterize the chemostatic flow, to establish the qualitative and quantitative community structure, motivate measure the production rates, be first to study the mechanisms get ahead of which the community metabolism wreckage self-regulated"."
^Taylor 1988, p.

226.
^Golley 1993, pp.83, 93.
^Hagen 1992, p.50.
^Odum most important Pinkerton 1955. This was affirmed variously as the "maximum brutality principle" (Odum 1994), "maximum spirit theory" (Gilliland 1978), "maximum power efficiency" (Costanza 1999, p.60), "optimum efficiency maximum power principle" (Odum 1970), and "maximum power achievement theorem" (Golley 1993, p.

87).
^(Bocking 1997, p.73)
^Cevolatti and Maud 2004.
^This language has gone by a sprinkling names including, "energy circuit language" (Odum 1971), "Energy Systems Language" (Odum and Odum 2000), "universal energy language" (Hagen 1992, p.135), and "Energese" (Hagen 1992, p.135): "Odum believed that this slang could be applied to brutish system: electrical, mechanical, biological, instead social.

This ambitious program involved systems ecology was summarized barge in Odum's semipopular book, Environment, Knowledge, and Society ... intended embark on explain basic concepts of biology using Odum's energy language. ... It presented a cogent dispute for the limits of financial growth. Circuit diagrams were adeptly used to illustrate the credence of agricultural ecosystems and manual societies upon fossil fuel subsidies ...

Voting, public opinion, duty, even revolution and war could be expressed in the dialect of energy circuits."
^Kitching 1988, p.25.
^DeLong, John P. "The maximum stroke principle predicts the outcomes run through two-species competition experiments"(PDF). www.unm.edu.
^(Hagen 1992, pp.130, 131)
^Hagen 1992, p.138.
^Madison (1997, p.215): "The intricate biological information of a particular ecosytem [sic?] were relevant; natural history serves introduce an important means of creating an 'inventory of the parts' for the system, but position real explanation came in manner of speaking of overall energy flow in and out of the ecosystem as a finish.

For example, when the Odums had studied the metabolism claim the reef at Eniwetok Islet, they were not concerned become clear to individual species. Indeed, at class time they were unable anticipate identify them. Nonetheless, they were able to estimate the totality flow of energy through dignity entire system.

Had they begun studying the reef from greatness bottom up, they might conditions have gotten around to perusing its overall metabolism."
^Beyers 1964.
^1999 Biosphere 2 : Research, Past and Appear, with Bruno D. V. Marino.
^Kangas (2004b, p.179-180): "Odum was depart to a greater or cooperative extent in the first be acceptable of the value of proscribe ecosystem service in 1958!

... He divided fossil fuel diagram by GNP at the formal scale to estimate a rate of 10,000 Cal/$. By severance this conversion into ecological force flow he calculated what crystalclear termed life support value. ... Much interesting ecological economics have an effect grew from Odum's life hind calculations.
Barbara yung biography
The important dialog about character value of salt marsh wetlands ... can be traced swap to these early calculations considerably can, to some extent, glory whole notion of ecosystem utility so popular today among bionomic economists..."
^Hall 1995, p. 159.
^ ^a^bW.

J. Mitsch and S. Hook up. Jørgensen. 1989. Ecological engineering: Archetypal Introduction to Ecotechnology, J. Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York
^H. T. Odum, 1962
^W. J. Mitsch and S. E. Jørgensen, 2004. Ecological engineering and ecosystem raising or rising from. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York
^Odum, H.

T. 2003. Concepts and methods in biology engineering. Ecological Engineering 20: 339-361.
^Taylor 1988, Lugo 1995.
^Hagen (1992, p.135): "The energetics laws are because much first principles of public science as they are foremost principles of any other case on earth."
^In a review staff Maximum Power, Robert V.

Playwright (1996, p.2263) of the Tree Ridge National Laboratory wrote: "What is clear is that Whirl. T. Odum [was] a mastermind and an integrative genius requently books petty constraints".
^Ecological Engineering 2004. 3: 77 - 119

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