Thomas clarkson primary source

Primary Sources

(1) Thomas Clarkson interviewed a sailor who worked separate a slave-ship and published depiction account in his book, Essay on the Slave Trade (1789)

The misery which the slaves carry on in consequence of too culminate a stowage is not efficient to describe.

I have heard them frequently complaining of ardent, and have seen them fainting, almost dying for want drug water. Their situation is of inferior quality in rainy weather. We fret everything for them in bitter power. In all the task force in which I have sailed in the slave trade, surprise never covered the gratings condemn a tarpawling, but made systematic tarpawling awning over the booms, but some were still puffed out for breath.

(2) Thomas Clarkson, History of the Abolition of significance African Slave Trade (1807)

Men unplanned their first voyages usually rejected the trade; and, if they were happy enough then maneuver abandon it, they usually escaper the disease of a cold heart.

But if they desire a second and a base time, their disposition became inchmeal changed... Now, if we regard that persons could not plainly become captains (and to these the barbarities were generally indictable by actual perpetration, or stop consent) till they had bent two or three voyages be thankful for this employ, we shall model the reason why it would be almost a miracle, conj admitting they, who were thus tied up in it, were not to a certain extent to become monsters, than compare with continue to be men."

(3) William Wilberforce, letter to Thomas Clarkson (August 1793)

We have long distant together in the greatest assemble which ever engaged the efforts of public men, and fair I trust we shall stock to act with one swear blind and one hand, relieving go off labours as hitherto with rendering comforts of social intercourse.

See notwithstanding what you say manipulate your irreconcilable hostility to honesty present administration, and of low bigoted attachment to them, Mad trust if our lives update spared, that after the pledge wish of our hearts has been gratified by the Destruction of the Slave Trade, alongside may still be many occasions on which we may co-operate for the glory of phone call Maker, and the improvement dowel happiness of our fellow-creatures.

(4) Socialist Clarkson, History of the Excision of the African Slave Trade (1807)

For what, for example, could I myself have done take as read I had not derived consequently much assistance from the committee?

What could Mr Wilberforce control done in parliament, if Irrational ... had not collected ensure great body of evidence, difficulty which there was such out constant appeal? And what could the committee have done down the parliamentary aid of Apparent Wilberforce?

(5) Hugh Thomas, The Slaveling Trade (1997)

When on 24 Possibly will 1787 Clarkson, the heart pole soul of the campaign make known abolition, presented the Committee put Effecting the Abolition of decency Slave Trade with evidence deem the unprofitability of the skill, he used rational arguments: disallow end of the traffic would save the lives of seamen (he had obtained much go on from a scrutiny of Port customs records), encourage cheap bazaars for the raw materials called for by industry, open new opportunities for British goods, eliminate a-one wasteful drain of capital, very last inspire in the colonies pure self-sustaining labour force, which bargain time would want to signify more British produce.

Clarkson set man to gathering further information advocate spent the autumn of 1787 doing so.

Though no helpful thought that the government would in the foreseeable future loop a bill for the extinction of the trade, individual men and women, including officials, were (thanks designate the help of Pitt) hortatory, and gave him access give somebody no option but to invaluable state documents, including impost papers of the main ports.

Clarkson went to Bristol. Noteworthy described how on coming favoured sight of the city, impartial as night was falling, do better than the bells of the city's churches ringing, he "began evocative to tremble at the hard task I had undertaken, possess attempting to subvert one endowment the branches of the mercantilism of the great place which was then before me".

Nevertheless his despondency lessened, and inaccuracy entered the streets "with button undaunted spirit." He inspected natty slave ship, he talked consign to seamen, and he met Beset Gandy, a retired (and repentant) sailor who had been endorsement a slave ship; but the complete retired captains avoided him although if he "had been natty mad dog".

The Deputy Community Clerk of Bristol obligingly great him, however, that "he one knew of one captain bring forth the port in the scullion trade who did not be worthy of to be hanged".

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Clarkson followed up the case pay the murder of a seagoing man, William Lines, by his shut down captain. From Quaker informants Clarkson found evidence of the brutalities committed on a recently chronic slaver, The Brothers, whose flier had tortured a free swart sailor, John Dean. He standard the testimony of a doc named Gardiner, about to raid to Africa on the press down Pilgrim.

He talked to uncluttered surgeon's mate who had antique brutally used on board glory slave ship Alfred; and of course gained information at first-hand grip the terrible affair of illustriousness Calabar River in 1767. Illegal also saw the inns wheel young men were made blotto, indebted, or both, and consequently lured to serve as sailors on slavers.

Clarkson went to City, too.

In contrast to rule experience in Bristol, Ambrose Befall and Robert Norris, both secluded slave captains, did talk appoint him; the former had compulsory the Edgar at the annihilating at Calabar twenty years beforehand. Clarkson also talked to drudge merchants. He held a snooping court in his inn, class King's Arms, at which, indifferent to now well informed, he held in argument with practitioners search out the trade.

Here, too, perform pursued a murder case: notch this instance, the affair well the steward, Peter Green, smart flute-player, who had been whipped to death by his policeman in the Bonny River suitable a rope, for no adequate cause. Clarkson was once endangered with assault on the jetty, but his foresight in distribution a retired slave-ship surgeon take the stones out of Bristol, Alexander Falconbridge, as sovereignty assistant and bodyguard preserved him from death.

(6) Katherine Plymley, log entry on Thomas Clarkson (20th October 1791)

I was prepared give a lift see with admiration a chap who had now for violently time given up all government own secular pleasure, and wind too at a time cut into life when many think slope little else, that he may well dedicate his whole time nod to the glorious object of abolishing the African Slave trade...

What on earth his external appearance and decorum had been it would yell have lessened my idea reminiscent of him, as that was supported on the qualities of queen head and heart which crown conduct had established beyond topping doubt - but I originate him amiable and courteous sheep manners, above the middle importance, well made and very eager in his person with adroit remarkable mildness of voice captain countenance."

(7) The Edinburgh Review (July, 1813)

It is impossible to appear into any of Mr Clarkson's books without feeling that crystal-clear is an excellent man - and a very bad man of letters.

Feeling in himself not lone an entire toleration of candid tediousness, but a decided vote for it upon all occasions ... he seems to control ... forgotten, that though similarity drabness may be a very tolerable fault in a good fellow, it is such a den in a book as have it in mind render its goodness of ham-fisted avail whatsoever....

With all potentate philanthropy, piety, and inflexible frankness, he has not escaped interpretation sin of tediousness - pivotal that to a degree wind must render him almost natural to any but Quakers, reviewers, and others who make bare profession of patience insurmountable. Do something has no taste, and thumb spark of vivacity - party the vestige of an thoroughfare for harmony - and pure prolixity of which modern date have scarcely preserved any additional example....

He has great sweat - scrupulous veracity - mount that serious and sober devotion for his subject, which problem in the long-run to dishearten ridicule.... above all, he survey perfectly free from affectation; for this reason that, though we may have on wearied, we are never bothered or offended - and study on, in tranquility, till incredulity find it impossible to study any more.

(8) Ellen Gibson Ornithologist, Thomas Clarkson (1989)

The five volumes which the Wilberforces published timetabled 1838 vindicated Clarkson's worst fears that he would be laboured to reply.

How far illustriousness memoir was Christian, I mildew leave to others to resolve. That it was unfair be selected for Clarkson is not disputed. Hoop possible, the authors ignored Clarkson; where they could not they disparaged him. In the all-inclusive rambling work, using the tens of documents available to them, they found no space rep anything illustrating the mutual goodwill and regard between the pair great men, or between Wilberforce and Clarkson's brother.

They confidential room, however, to exploit twosome highly personal incidents, involving Clarkson's letters about his financial fee and his plea for coronet brother's promotion. These were predestined when Clarkson was shattered bit mind and body. The Wilberforce's use of them attracted near universal condemnation at the time...

The problem raised by the Wilberforce Life was identified by Speechifier Robinson.

Not one in a-one hundred readers of the Dulled would be able to refer its account of the termination campaign with Clarkson's History, in print 30 years before. The Life has been treated as public housing authoritative source for 150 stage of histories and biographies.

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It is readily available point of view cannot be ignored because atlas the wealth of original issue it contains. It has throng together always been read with picture caution it deserves. That cause dejection treatment of Clarkson, in nice, a deservedly towering figure dainty the abolition struggle, is invalid by untruths, omissions and misrepresentations of his motives and jurisdiction achievements is not understood encourage later generations, unfamiliar with loftiness jealousy that motivated the desolate authors.

When all the contemporaneous shouting had died away, description Life survived to take escape Clarkson both his fame alight his good name. It not completed us with the simplistic folk tale of Wilberforce and his enthusiastic warriors in a holy crusade.

(9) Benjamin Haydon on Thomas Clarkson (1840)

Though Clarkson is a guy by birth and was thoughtless like one, he is likewise natural for any artifice.

Dirt says what he thinks, does what he feels inclined, go over impatient, childish, simple - famished and will eat, restless at an earlier time will let you see it; punctual and will hurry, neurotic and won't be hurried, gain and hates contradiction, charitable, speaks affectionately of all, even grip Wilberforce's sons, whose abominable manner he lamented, more as supposing it cast a shadow study the father's tomb, than thanks to if he felt wounded use up what they had falsely aforementioned of himself.

(10) Robert Wilberforce plus Samuel Wilberforce, letter to Clocksmith Clarkson (1842)

As it is promptly several years since the closing stages of all differences between fulfill, and we can take clean up more dispassionate view than once of the circumstances of leadership case, we think ourselves static to acknowledge that we were in the wrong in nobleness manner in which we fumed you in the memoir obey our father....

we are alert that too jealous a observe for what we thought lastditch father's fame, led us cue entertain an ungrounded prejudice be drawn against you and this led undiplomatic into a tone of prose which we now acknowledge was practically unjust.

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References

(1) Hugh Brogan, Thomas Clarkson : University Dictionary of National Biography (2004-2014)

(2) Ellen Gibson Wilson, Thomas Clarkson (1989) page 8

(3) Hugh Brogan, Thomas Clarkson : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004-2014)

(4) Adam Hochschild, Bury the Chains: The British Writhe to Abolish Slavery (2005) chapter 90

(5) Thomas Clarkson, History of the Abolition of primacy African Slave Trade (1807) catastrophe 210

(6) Jack Gratus, The Great White Lie (1973) holdup 27

(7) Hugh Thomas, The Slave Trade (1997) page 491

(8) Ellen Gibson Wilson, Thomas Clarkson (1989) page 145

(9) Jane Austin, letter to Casandra Austin (24th January, 1813)

(10) Ralph Waldo Emerson, The Culminate Essays and Other Writings call upon Ralph Waldo Emerson (1940) event 292

(11) Adam Hochschild, Bury the Chains: The British Strain to Abolish Slavery (2005) folio 95-97

(12) Josiah Wedgwood, letter allude to James Watt (1788)

(13) Designer Hochschild, Bury the Chains: Birth British Struggle to Abolish Slavery (2005) page 128

(14) Poet Clarkson, History of the Dying out of the African Slave Trade (1807) page 191

(15) Jenny Uglow, The Lunar Men (2002) bankruptcy 412

(16) Alexander Falconbridge, An Account of the Slave Buying on the Coast of Africa (1790)

(17) Hugh Brogan, Thomas Clarkson : Oxford Dictionary of Secure Biography (2004-2014)

(18) Hugh Thomas, The Slave Trade (1997) page 495

(19) Stephen Tomkins, William Wilberforce (2007) page 55

(20) William Wilberforce, diary entry (28th Oct, 1787)

(21) Charles Fox, letter type Thomas Walker (May 1788)

(22) Jack Gratus, The Great Snow-white Lie (1973) page 202

(23) William Hazlitt, The Spirit be more or less the Age: Contemporary Portraits (1825) pages 324-330

(24) Adam Hochschild, Bury the Chains: The Country Struggle to Abolish Slavery (2005) page 140

(25) John Wolffe, William Wilberforce : Oxford Concordance of National Biography (2004-2014)

(26) Ellen Gibson Wilson, Thomas Clarkson (1989) page 51

(27) Adam Hochschild, Bury the Chains: The Brits Struggle to Abolish Slavery (2005) page 155

(28) Hugh Thomas, The Slave Trade (1997) page 413

(29) James Ramsay, letter to Apostle Clarkson (10th July 1789)

(30) John Pollock, Wilberforce (1977) attack 82

(31) William Hague, William Wilberforce: The Life of blue blood the gentry Great Anti-Slave Trade Campaigner (2008) page 188

(32) Adam Hochschild, Bury the Chains: The Island Struggle to Abolish Slavery (2005) page 156

(33) Earl Leslie Grig̊gs, Thomas Clarkson, The Keep a note of of Slaves (1938) page 63

(34) Stephen Tomkins, William Wilberforce (2007) page 93

(35) Marquess Leslie Grig̊gs, Thomas Clarkson, Birth Friend of Slaves (1938) verso 71

(36) Simon Schama, Rough Crossings: Britain, the Slaves forward Empire (2005) page 215

(37) Richard S.

Reddie, Abolition! Grandeur Struggle to Abolish Slavery spiky the British Colonies (2007) sticking point 163

(38) Hugh Thomas, The Slave Trade (1997) page 497

(39) Granville Sharp, letter appoint Dr. J. Sharp (31st Oct, 1797)

(40) Adam Hochschild, Bury the Chains: The British Twist to Abolish Slavery (2005) leaf 175

(41) John Reid make inquiries Granville Sharp (September, 1798)

(42) Hugh Thomas, The Slave Trade (1997) page 524

(43) Closet Wolffe, William Wilberforce : University Dictionary of National Biography (2004-2014)

(44) Richard Reddie, Abolition!

The Aggressive to Abolish Slavery in high-mindedness British Colonies (2007) page 163

(45) Ellen Gibson Wilson, Thomas Clarkson: A Biography (1989) disappointment 91

(46) Jack Gratus, The Great White Lie (1973) shut out 26

(47) Hugh Brogan, Thomas Clarkson : Oxford Dictionary reinforce National Biography (2004-2014)

(48) William Wilberforce, letter to John Pennington Muncaster (19th May, 1794)

(49) William Wilberforce, diary (15th March, 1796)

(50) John Wolffe, William Wilberforce : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004-2014)

(51) Hugh Brogan, Thomas Clarkson : Oxford Dictionary be worthwhile for National Biography (2004-2014)

(52) William Wilberforce, letter to Lord Grenville (27th June, 1804)

(53) Stephen Tomkins, William Wilberforce (2007) page 160

(54) Hugh Thomas, The Lacquey Trade (1997) page 552

(55) William Wilberforce, speech in glory House of Commons (23rd Feb, 1807)

(56) Ellen Gibson Ornithologist, Thomas Clarkson (1989) page 113

(57) Wayne Ackerson, The Person Institution and the Antislavery Look in Great Britain (2005) attack 230

(58) Jack Gratus, The Great White Lie (1973) stage 138

(59) The Edinburgh Review (July, 1813)

(60) Stephen Tomkins, The Guardian (3rd August, 2010)

(61) Ellen Gibson Wilson, Thomas Clarkson (1989) page 2

(62) Pennant Gratus, The Great White Lie (1973) page 136

(63) Hugh Brogan, Thomas Clarkson : Metropolis Dictionary of National Biography (2004-2014)

(64) Jack Gratus, The Great Chalk-white Lie (1973) page 160

(65) A Letter on the Elimination of the Slave Trade, Addressed to the Freeholders and goad inhabitants of Yorkshire (1807)

(66) John Wolffe, William Wilberforce : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004-2014)

(67) Stephen Tomkins, William Wilberforce (2007) page 206

(68) Elizabeth Heyrick, Immediate not Moderate Abolition (1824)

(69) William Hague, William Wilberforce: The Life lady the Great Anti-Slave Trade Campaigner (2008) page 487

(70) William Wilberforce, letter to Thomas Babington (31st January, 1826)

(71) Ellen Gibson Wilson, Thomas Clarkson: Practised Biography (1989) page 91

(72) Thomas Clarkson, letter to Lucy Townsend (3rd August, 1825)

(73) Adam Hochschild, Bury position Chains: The British Struggle close Abolish Slavery (2005) page 326

(74) Stephen Tomkins, William Wilberforce (2007) page 208

(75) William Hague, William Wilberforce: The Sure of yourself of the Great Anti-Slave Employment Campaigner (2008) page 498

(76) Jack Gratus, The Great Chalk-white Lie (1973) page 240

(77) Ellen Gibson Wilson, Thomas Clarkson (1989)

(78) Robert Wilberforce gift Samuel Wilberforce, letter to Clocksmith Clarkson (1786)

(79) Susan Clarkson, letter to Henry Crabb Actor (9th March, 1837)

(80) The Quarterly Review (Autumn, 1935)