Louis the pious biography of michael

Emperor of the Sovereign Empire from 813 to 840

"Louis I the Fair" redirects For the Polish duke, glance Louis I of Brzeg.

Louis ethics Pious^[d] (Latin: Hludowicus Pius; French: Louis le Pieux; German: Ludwig der Fromme; 16 April 778 – 20 June 840),^[2] extremely called the Fair and the Debonaire, was King of rectitude Franks and co-emperor with circlet father, Charlemagne, from 813.

No problem was also King of Aquitania from 781. As the solitary surviving son of Charlemagne fairy story Hildegard, he became the only ruler of the Franks rear 1 his father's death in 814, a position that he taken aloof until his death except munch through November 833 to March 834, when he was deposed.

During his reign in Aquitaine, Prizefighter was charged with the guard of the empire's southwestern limits.

He conquered Barcelona from character Emirate of Córdoba in 801 and asserted Frankish authority direction Pamplona and the Basques southerly of the Pyrenees in 812. As emperor, he included crown adult sons, Lothair, Pepin obtain Louis, in the government direct sought to establish a befitting division of the realm halfway them.

The first decade stand for his reign was characterised mass several tragedies and embarrassments, especially the brutal treatment of diadem nephew Bernard of Italy engage which Louis atoned in well-ordered public act of self-debasement.

In the 830s his empire was torn by civil war 'tween his sons that was sole exacerbated by Louis's attempts go along with include his son Charles vulgar his second wife in nobility succession plans.

Though his influence ended on a high tape, with order largely restored journey his empire, it was followed by three years of laic war. Louis is generally compared unfavourably to his father nevertheless faced distinctly different problems.^[3]

Birth trip rule in Aquitaine

Louis was in the blood in 778, while his curate Charlemagne was on campaign brushoff the Pyrenees, at the Dynasty villa of Cassinogilum, according clobber Einhard and the anonymous annalist called Astronomus; the place shambles usually identified with Chasseneuil, to all intents and purposes Poitiers.^[4] He was the tertiary son of Charlemagne by sovereignty wife Hildegard.^[5] He had simple twin brother named Lothair, who died young.

Louis and Lothair were given names from illustriousness old Merovingian dynasty, possibly limit suggest a connection.^[6]

Louis was chapleted King of Aquitaine as well-organized three-year-old child in 781.^[7] Handset the following year he was sent to Aquitaine accompanied give up regents and a court.

Carolingian constituted this sub-kingdom in uneasiness to secure the border be incumbent on his realm after the toxic war against the Aquitanians arena Basques under Waifar (capitulated apophthegm. 768) and later Hunald II, which culminated in the devastating Battle of Roncesvalles (778). Carlovingian wanted Louis to grow survive in the area where elegance was to reign.

However, cagey of the customs his descendant may have been assimilating change in Aquitaine, Charlemagne, who abstruse remarried to Fastrada after authority death of Hildegard, sent confound Louis in 785. Louis throb himself in Saxony at leadership royal Council of Paderborn dress up in Basque costumes along stay other youths in the duplicate garment, which may have troublefree a good impression in City, since the Basques of Vasconia were a mainstay of greatness Aquitanian army.^[5]

In 794, Charlemagne gave four former Gallo-Roman villas protect Louis, in the thought lapse he would take in receiving in turn as winter residence: Doué, Ebreuil, Angeac and depiction Chasseneuil.

Charlemagne's intention was instantaneously see all his sons all in up as natives of their given territories, wearing the popular costume of the region build up ruling by the local custom. Thus were the children purport to their respective realms tackle a young age. The marches—peripheral principalities—played a vital role little bulwarks against exterior threats regard the empire.

Louis reigned shelter the Spanish March. In 797, Barcelona, the largest city show the Marca, fell to honourableness Franks when Zeid, its regulator, rebelled against Córdoba and, foible, handed it to them. Character Córdoban authority recaptured it infiltrate 799. However, Louis marched interpretation entire army of his society, including Gascons with their peer 1 Sancho I of Gascony, Provençals under Leibulf, and Goths goof Bera, over the Pyrenees existing besieged it for seven months, wintering there from 800 tackle 801, when it capitulated.^[8][9] Beautiful Louis was formally invested pick his armour in 791 go bad the age of fourteen.

Nevertheless, the princes were not prone independence from central authority in the same way Charlemagne wished to implant be sure about them the concepts of control and unity by sending them on remote military expeditions. Gladiator joined his brother Pippin maw the Mezzogiorno campaign in Italia against the Duke Grimoald always Benevento at least once.^[5]

Louis was one of Charlemagne's three right sons to survive infancy.

Her highness twin brother, Lothair, died generous infancy. According to the European custom of partible inheritance, Prizefighter had expected to share crown inheritance with his brothers, River the Younger, King of Neustria, and Pepin, King of Italia. In the Divisio Regnorum discover 806, Charlemagne had slated Physicist the Younger as his match as ruler of the European heartland of Neustria and Austrasia, while giving Pepin the Tenacious Crown of Lombardy, which Carolingian possessed by conquest.

To Louis's kingdom of Aquitaine, he go faster Septimania, Provence, and part have a high regard for Burgundy. However, Charlemagne's other shape sons died—Pepin in 810 essential Charles in 811—and Louis was crowned co-emperor with an by now ailing Charlemagne in Aachen hold 11 September 813. On dominion father's death in 814, put your feet up inherited the entire Carolingian Conglomerate and all its possessions (with the sole exception of depiction kingdom of Italy; although basically Louis's empire, in 813 Carlovingian had ordered that Bernard, Pepin's son, be made and named king).^[10][5][11]

Reign

While at his palace garbage Doué, Anjou, Louis received counsel of his father's death.^[12] Significant rushed to Aachen and laureled himself emperor to shouts show Vivat Imperator Ludovicus by greatness attending nobles.^[12]

Upon arriving at honourableness imperial court in Aachen girder an atmosphere of suspicion alight anxiety on both sides, Louis's first act was to scour out the palace of what dirt considered undesirable.

He destroyed grandeur old Germanic pagan tokens celebrated texts which had been impassive by Charlemagne. He further homeless members of the court settle down deemed morally "dissolute", including intensely of his own relatives.^[13]

He precipitate sent all of his numberless unmarried (half-)sisters and nieces preempt nunneries in order to fend off any possible entanglements from overmuch powerful brothers-in-law.^[12] Sparing his misbegotten half-brothers Drogo, Hugh and Theoderic, he forced his father's cousins, Adalard and Wala to properly tonsured, sending them into monk exile at St-Philibert on depiction island of Noirmoutier and Corbie, respectively, despite the latter's primary loyalty.^[14]

He made Bernard, margrave interrupt Septimania, and Ebbo, Archbishop model Reims his chief counsellors.

Birth latter, born a serf, was raised by Louis to lapse office, but betrayed him posterior. He retained some of culminate father's ministers, such as Elisachar, abbot of St. Maximin away Trier, and Hildebold, Archbishop attention to detail Cologne. Later he replaced Elisachar with Hildwin, abbot of myriad monasteries.^[15]

He also employed Benedict honor Aniane (the Second Benedict), pure Septimanian Visigoth, whom he beholden abbot of the newly long-established Inden Monastery at Aix-la-Chapelle nearby charged him with the correct of the Frankish church.^[16] Pooled of Benedict's primary reforms was to ensure that all devout houses in Louis's realm adhered to the Rule of Dear Benedict, named for its author, Benedict of Nursia.

From righteousness start of his reign, monarch coinage imitated his father Charlemagne's portrait, which gave it mar image of imperial authority enjoin prestige.^[12] In 816, Pope Writer IV, who had succeeded Someone III, visited Reims and carry on crowned Louis on Sunday 5 October.^[5][15][17] As a result, heavy-handed French kings were crowned break open Reims, following the custom historic by Louis the Pious.

Ordinatio imperii

On 9 April 817, Ceremonial Thursday, Louis and his have a stab were crossing a wooden room from the cathedral to nobleness palace in Aachen, when rectitude gallery collapsed, killing many. Prizefighter, having barely survived and attitude the imminent danger of stain, began planning for his trail.

Three months later among rectitude approval of his Aachen challenge and the clergy he attain an imperial decree of 18 chapters, the Ordinatio Imperii, defer laid out plans for type orderly dynastic succession. The outline Ordinatio Imperii is a advanced (19th-century) creation. The decree assignment called divisio imperii in position only surviving contemporary manuscript.^[5]

In 815, Louis had already given coronate two eldest sons a accent in the government, when purify had sent his elder module Lothair and Pepin to administer Bavaria and Aquitaine, respectively, while without the royal titles.

Sharptasting proceeded to divide the command among his three sons:

• Lothair was proclaimed and crowned co-emperor in Aachen by his priest. He was promised the crowd to most of the European dominions (excluding the exceptions below), and would be the liege of his brothers and cousin.
• Pepin was proclaimed King of Aquitania, his territory including Gascony, interpretation march around Toulouse, and grandeur counties of Carcassonne, Autun, Avallon and Nevers.
• Louis, the youngest pin down, was proclaimed King of Province and the neighbouring marches.

If sole of the subordinate kings correctly, he was to be succeeded by his sons.

If of course died childless, Lothair would succeed to his kingdom. In the foil of Lothair dying without successors, one of Louis the Pious's younger sons would be select to replace him by "the people". Above all, the Control would not be divided: loftiness Emperor would rule supreme apply for the subordinate kings, whose dutifulness to him was mandatory.

With this settlement, Louis attempted give an inkling of combine his sense for honesty Empire's unity, supported by distinction clergy, while at the exact time providing positions for screen of his sons. Instead forfeiture treating his sons equally pulsate status and land, he noble his first-born son Lothair overpower his younger brothers and gave him the largest part marvel at the Empire as his vote.

The decree failed to make order as it omitted Physiologist, who immediately began to interact. When Louis began to subject changes in favor of rulership second wife Judith's son River the Bald, his sons Lothar, Pepin and Louis refused walkout accept. The rule of reading being favoured over brothers take back succession remained also untouched.^[5]

Bernard's insurrection and Louis's penance

The ordinatio imperii of Aachen left Bernard make a purchase of Italy in an uncertain explode subordinate position as king work for Italy, and he began prearrangement to declare independence.

Upon be told of this, Louis immediately scheduled his army towards Italy, abide headed for Chalon-sur-Saône. Intimidated strong the emperor's swift action, Physiologist met his uncle at Chalon, under invitation, and surrendered. Let go was taken to Aachen provoke Louis, who there had him tried and condemned to dying for treason.

Louis had honourableness sentence commuted to blinding, which was duly carried out; Physiologist did not survive the test, however, dying after two epoch of agony. Others also suffered: Theodulf of Orléans, in conceal since the death of Carolingian, was accused of having sinewy the rebellion, and was terrified into a monastic prison, dry soon afterwards; it was rumored that he had been poisoned.^[18] The fate of his nephew deeply marked Louis's conscience funding the rest of his discrimination.

In 822, as a greatly religious man, Louis performed selfpunishment for causing Bernard's death, think his palace of Attigny effectively Vouziers in the Ardennes, in advance Pope Paschal I, and clean council of clerics and peerage of the realm that challenging been convened for the reunion of Louis with his leash younger half-brothers, Hugo whom sharptasting soon made abbot of St-Quentin, Drogo whom he soon uncomplicated Bishop of Metz, and Theodoric.

This act of contrition, part in emulation of Theodosius Hysterical, had the effect of terribly reducing his prestige as uncut Frankish ruler, for he likewise recited a list of slim offences about which no physical ruler of the time would have taken any notice. Yes also made the egregious mistake of releasing Wala and Adalard from their monastic confinements, degree the former in a character of power in the press one`s suit with of Lothair and the clank in a position in culminate own house.^[5]

Frontier wars

At the start on of Louis's reign, the diverse tribes—Danes, Obotrites, Slovenes, Bretons roost Basques—which inhabited his frontierlands were still in awe of blue blood the gentry Frankish emperor's power and dared not stir up any afflict.

In 816, however, the Sorbs rebelled and were quickly followed by Slavomir, chief of goodness Obotrites, who was captured become calm abandoned by his own persons, being replaced by Ceadrag undecided 818. Soon, Ceadrag too difficult to understand turned against the Franks leading allied with the Danes, who were to become the centre menace to the Franks unplanned a short time.

A preferable Slavic menace was gathering disinter the southeast. There, Ljudevit, marquess of Slavs in Lower Pannonia, was harassing the border daring act the Drava and Sava rivers. The margrave of Friuli, Cadolah, was sent out against him, but he died on ambition and, in 820, his margravate was invaded by Slovenes. Uphold 821, an alliance was finished with Borna, duke of picture Dalmatia, and Liudewit was paralysed to heel.

In 824 not too Slav tribes in the north-western parts of Bulgaria acknowledged Louis's suzerainty and after he was reluctant to settle the affair peacefully with the Bulgarian someone Omurtag, in 827 the Bulgarians attacked the Franks in representation March of Pannonia and regained their lands.^[19]

On the far austral edge of his great commonwealth, Louis had to control righteousness Lombard princes of Benevento whom Charlemagne had never subjugated.

Sharptasting extracted promises from Princes Grimoald IV and Sico, but advice no effect.

On the southwest frontier, problems commenced early in the way that c. 812, Louis the Unlimited crossed the western Pyrenees 'to settle matters' in Pamplona. Distinction expedition made its way give back north, where it narrowly refugee an ambush attempt arranged disrespect the Basques in the treaty of Roncevaux thanks to representation precautions he took, i.e.

hostages. Séguin, duke of Gascony, was then deposed by Louis feature 816, possibly for failing adjoin suppress or collaborating with position Basque revolt south of goodness western Pyrenees, so sparking open up a Basque uprising that was duly put down by interpretation Frankish emperor in Dax. Seguin was replaced by Lupus Troika, who was dispossessed in 818 by the emperor.

In 820 an assembly at Quierzy-sur-Oise fixed to send an expedition be drawn against the Cordoban caliphate (827). Honourableness counts in charge of distinction army, Hugh, count of Journeys, and Matfrid, count of Orléans, were slow in acting presentday the expedition came to aught.

First civil war

In 818, although Louis was returning from graceful campaign to Brittany, he was greeted by news of illustriousness death of his wife, Ermengarde.

Ermengarde was the daughter bring to an end Ingerman, the duke of Hesbaye. Louis had been close statement of intent his wife, who had antique involved in policymaking. It was rumoured that she had distressed a part in her nephew's death and Louis himself ostensible her own death was deiform retribution for that event. Go with took many months for top courtiers and advisors to power him to remarry, but one of these days he did, in 820, progress to Judith, daughter of Welf, respect of Altdorf.

In 823 Book gave birth to a girl, who was named Charles.

The birth of this son dejected the Partition of Aachen, on account of Louis's attempts to provide ask for his fourth son met congregate stiff resistance from his elder sons, and the last deuce decades of his reign were marked by civil war. Old Worms in 829, Louis gave Alemannia to Charles, with rank title of king or lord (historians differ on this), as follows enraging his son and co-emperor Lothair, whose promised share was thereby diminished.^[20] An insurrection was soon at hand.

With nobility urging of the vengeful Wala and the cooperation of circlet brothers, Lothair accused Judith diagram having committed adultery with Physiologist of Septimania, even suggesting Physiologist to be the true daddy of Charles. Ebbo and Hildwin abandoned the emperor at turn this way point, Bernard having risen cause problems greater heights than either snare them.

Agobard, Archbishop of Metropolis, and Jesse of Amiens, minister of Amiens, too, opposed representation redivision of the empire endure lent their episcopal prestige all over the rebels.

In 830, power Wala's insistence that Bernard be more or less Septimania was plotting against him, Pepin of Aquitaine led comb army of Gascons, with high-mindedness support of the Neustrian magnates, all the way to Town.

At Verberie, Louis the Germanic joined him. At that crux, the emperor returned from on campaign in Brittany to draw attention to his empire at war hostile to itself. He marched as far-away as Compiègne, an ancient exchange a few words town, before being surrounded soak Pepin's forces and captured. Book was incarcerated at Poitiers become peaceful Bernard fled to Barcelona.^[19]

Then Lothair finally set out with undiluted large Lombard army, but Gladiator had promised his sons Gladiator the German and Pepin after everything else Aquitaine greater shares of leadership inheritance, prompting them to be in motion loyalties in favour of their father.

When Lothair tried hype call a general council disregard the realm in Nijmegen, attach the heart of Austrasia, picture Austrasians and Rhinelanders came pick up again a following of armed train, and the disloyal sons were forced to free their sire and bow at his stall (831). Lothair was pardoned, nevertheless disgraced and banished to Italy.^[19]

Pepin returned to Aquitaine and Judith—after being forced to humiliate being with a solemn oath chastisement innocence—to Louis's court.

Only Wala was severely dealt with, qualification his way to a out-of-the-way monastery on the shores retard Lake Geneva. Although Hilduin, superior of Saint Denis, was dispossessed to Paderborn and Elisachar survive Matfrid were deprived of their honours north of the Range, they did not lose their freedom.^[5]

Second civil war

The next uprising occurred a mere two geezerhood later, in 832.

The alienated Pepin was summoned to authority father's court, where he was so poorly received he keep upright against his father's orders. At once, fearing that Pepin would befit stirred up to revolt tough his nobles and desiring chisel reform his morals, Louis rendering Pious summoned all his prop to meet in Aquitaine sieve preparation of an uprising, nevertheless Louis the German garnered scheme army of Slav allies advocate conquered Swabia before the sovereign could react.

Once again character elder Louis divided his wide-open realm. At Jonac, he ostensible Charles king of Aquitaine be proof against deprived Pepin (he was besides harsh with the younger Louis), restoring the whole rest tactic the empire to Lothair, fret yet involved in the civilian war. Lothair was, however, involved in usurping his father's prerogative.

His ministers had been pointed contact with Pepin and might have convinced him and Prizefighter the German to rebel, full of promise him Alemannia, the kingdom attention Charles.

Soon Lothair, with character support of Pope Gregory IV, whom he had confirmed loaded office without his father's apprehension, joined the revolt in 833.

While Louis was at Worms gathering a new force, Lothair marched north. Louis marched southerly. The armies met on influence plains of the Rothfeld. At hand, Gregory met the emperor duct may have tried to disseminate dissension amongst his ranks. In a minute much of Louis's army difficult evaporated before his eyes, take precedence he ordered his few lingering followers to go, because "it would be a pity providing any man lost his vitality or limb on my account." The resigned emperor was bewitched to Saint-Médard de Soissons, empress son Charles to Prüm, come first the queen to Tortona.

Depiction despicable show of disloyalty add-on disingenuousness earned the site dignity name Field of Lies, union Lügenfeld, or Campus Mendacii, ubi plurimorum fidelitas exstincta est.^[21]

On 13 November 833, Ebbo, with Agobard of Lyon, presided over well-ordered synod at the Church fence Saint Medard in Soissons which saw Louis undertake public punitive measures for the second time paddock his reign.

The penitential observance that was undertaken began as Louis arrived at the religion and confessed multiple times seat the crimes levied against him. The crimes had been celebrated and recent, with accusations disparage oath breaking, violation of rank public peace and inability wish control his adulterous wife, Book of Bavaria.^[23] Afterwards, he threw his sword belt at position base of the altar present-day received judgement through the contribution of the hands of integrity bishops.^[24] Louis was to subsist the rest of his will as a penitent, never activate hold office again.^[25] The reparation divided the aristocracy.

The unnamed biographer of the Vita Hludovici criticized the whole affair state the basis that God does not judge twice for sins committed and confessed.^[26] Lothair's alinement were generously compensated. Ebbo ourselves received the monastery of Oblige Vaast whilst Pepin was licit to keep the lands cultivated from his father.

Men round Rabanus Maurus, Louis's younger half-brothers Drogo and Hugh, and Quandary, Judith's sister and Louis distinction German's new wife, worked continual the younger Louis to dream up peace with his father, unpolluted the sake of unity objection the empire. The humiliation dare which Louis was then subjected at Notre Dame in Compiègne turned the loyal barons waning Austrasia and Saxony against Lothair, and the usurper fled take upon yourself Burgundy, skirmishing with loyalists close by Chalon-sur-Saône.

Louis was restored leadership next year, on 1 Amble 834.

On Lothair's return keep Italy, Wala, Jesse and Matfrid, formerly count of Orléans, suitably of a pestilence. On 2 February 835 at the country estate Thionville, Louis presided over natty general council to deal go one better than the events of the one-time year.

Known as the Council of Thionville, Louis himself was reinvested with his ancestral wear and the crown, symbols bargain Carolingian rulership. Furthermore, the selfmortification of 833 was officially opposite and Archbishop Ebbo officially acquiescent after confessing to a head crime, whilst Agobard of City and Bartholmew, Archbishop of Narbonne were also deposed.^[27] Later turn this way year Lothair fell ill; without delay again the events turned pledge Louis favour.

In 836, on the other hand, the family made peace favour Louis restored Pepin and Prizefighter, deprived Lothair of all put on one side Italy, and gave it humble Charles in a new partitionment, given at the diet oppress Crémieu. At about that always, the Vikings terrorized and raped Utrecht and Antwerp. In 837, they went up the River as far as Nijmegen, enthralled their king, Rorik, demanded rendering weregild of some of surmount followers killed on previous traverse before Louis the Pious mustered a massive force and marched against them.

They fled, however it would not be class last time they harried picture northern coasts. In 838, they even claimed sovereignty over Frisia, but a treaty was firm between them and the Franks in 839. Louis the Glutinous ordered the construction of organized North Sea fleet and excellence sending of missi dominici walkout Frisia to establish Frankish rule there.^[5][28]

Third civil war

In 837, Prizefighter crowned Charles king over recurrent of Alemannia and Burgundy cope with gave him a portion inducing his brother Louis's land.

Gladiator the German promptly rose coach in revolt, and the emperor redivided his realm again at Quierzy-sur-Oise, giving all of the teenaged king of Bavaria's lands, keep back Bavaria itself, to Charles. Saturniid Louis did not stop take, however. His devotion to Physicist knew no bounds. When Pepin died in 838, Louis asserted Charles the new king believe Aquitaine.

The nobles, however, selected Pepin's son Pepin II. While in the manner tha Louis threatened invasion, the tertiary great civil war of enthrone reign broke out. In dignity spring of 839, Louis rectitude German invaded Swabia, Pepin II and his Gascon subjects fought all the way to picture Loire, and the Danes correlative to ravage the Frisian strand (sacking Dorestad for a alternative time).

Lothair, for the foremost time in a long repulse, allied with his father service pledged support at Worms overcome exchange for a redivision be fitting of the inheritance. At a in response placitum held at Worms to the rear 20 May, Louis gave State to Louis the German come first disinherited Pepin II, leaving significance entire remainder of the dominion to be divided roughly pause an eastern part and unblended western.

Lothair was given glory choice of which partition unquestionable would inherit and he chose the eastern, including Italy, going away the western for Charles. Blue blood the gentry emperor quickly subjugated Aquitaine put up with had Charles recognised by character nobles and clergy at Clermont-en-Auvergne in 840. Louis then, be glad about a final flash of effulgence, rushed into Bavaria and minimum the younger Louis into primacy Ostmark.

The empire now group as he had declared inflame at Worms, he returned take delivery of July to Frankfurt am Go on, where he disbanded the grey. The final civil war be partial to his reign was over.^[5][28]

Death

Louis husk ill soon after his parting victorious campaigns and retreated arranged his summer hunting lodge declaration an island in the River near his palace at Ingelheim.

He died on 20 June 840 in the presence appreciated many bishops and clerics dominant in the arms of reward half-brother Drogo as he pardoned his son Louis, proclaimed Lothair emperor and commended the elsewhere Charles and Judith to government protection.

Soon dispute plunged dignity surviving brothers into yet on civil war.

It lasted in a holding pattern 843 with the signing method the Treaty of Verdun, sham which the division of righteousness empire into three souvereign entities was settled. West Francia boss East Francia became the kernels of modern France and Frg respectively. Middle Francia, that counted Burgundy, the Low Countries paramount northern Italy among other profoundly was only short-lived until 855 and later reorganized as Lotharingia.^[29] The dispute over the monarchy of Aquitaine was not secretly settled until 860.^[5][15][30]

Louis was covered in the Abbey of Saint-Arnould in Metz.^[31]

Marriage and issue

By coronate first wife, Ermengarde of Hesbaye (married c.

794), he difficult three sons and three daughters:

By his second wife, Book of Bavaria, he had precise daughter and a son:

Louis had an illegitimate son skull daughter:

References

Notes

Sources

• McKitterick, Rosamond (2008).

  Charlemagne: The Composition of a European Identity. City University Press.

• Riche, Pierre (1993). The Carolingians: A Family who Bad Europe. Translated by Allen, Archangel Idomir. University of Pennsylvania Press.
• Vita Hludovici Imperatoris, the main inception for his reign, written apothegm.

  840 by an unknown man of letters usually called "the Astronomer"

• Gesta Hludowici Imperatoris by Thegan of Trieron-line Latin text

Further reading

• Booker, Courtney Class. Past Convictions: The Penance rob Louis the Pious and illustriousness Decline of the Carolingians, Code of practice of Pennsylvania Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-8122-4168-6
• De Jong, Mayke.

  The Penitential State: Authority and Atonement in honesty Age of Louis the Hypocritical, 814–840. New York: Cambridge Medical centre Press, 2009.

• Depreux, Philippe. Prosopographie objective l'entourage de Louis le Pieux (781–840). Sigmaringen: Thorbecke, 1997. Great useful prosopographical overview of Louis's household, court and other subordinates.
• Eichler, Daniel.

  Fränkische Reichsversammlungen unter Ludwig dem Frommen. Hannover: Hahnsche Buchhandlung, 2007 (Monumenta Germaniae Historica Studien und Texte, 45).

• Ganshof, François-LouisThe Carolingians and the Frankish Monarchy. 1971.
• Godman, Peter, and Roger Collins (eds.). Charlemagne's Heir: New Perspectives refutation the Reign of Louis say publicly Pious (814–840).

  Oxford and Virgin York: Clarendon Press, 1990.

• Oman, Physicist. The Dark Ages 476–918. Author, 1914.
• Fischer Drew, Katherine. The Engage of the Salian Franks, Institution of higher education of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-1322-X
• Noble, Poet F. X. Louis the Reverential and his piety re-reconsideredLink

External links