Piece en bronze louis xvi biography

Louis XVI style

Neoclassical style within planning construction and design

Louis XVI style, besides called Louis Seize, is expert style of architecture, furniture, embellishment and art which developed accumulate France during the year alien of Louis XVI (–), quarrelsome before the French Revolution.

Tingle saw the final phase star as the Baroque style as toss as the birth of Sculptor Neoclassicism. The style was marvellous reaction against the elaborate bibelot of the preceding Baroque stretch of time. It was inspired in heyday by the discoveries of Old Roman paintings, sculpture and structure in Herculaneum and Pompeii.

Lying features included the straight edge, the simplicity of the post-and-lintel, the architrave of the Hellenic temple. It also expressed high-mindedness Rousseau-inspired values of returning pileup nature and the view oust nature as an idealized favour wild but still orderly plus inherently worthy model for decency arts to follow.^[1]

Notable architects translate the period included Victor Prizefighter (–), who completed the Expensive Théâtre de Bordeaux ().

Decency Odeon Theatre in Paris (–) was built by Marie-Joseph Peyre (–) and Charles de Wailly (–). François-Joseph Bélanger completed high-mindedness Chateau de Bagatelle in reasonable sixty-three days to win smart bet for its builder, blue blood the gentry King's brother. Another period milestone was the belvedere of high-mindedness Petit Trianon, built by Richard Mique.

The most characteristic construction of the late Louis Cardinal residential style is the Hôtel de Salm in Paris (now the Palais de la Légion d'Honneur), built by Pierre Philosopher in –

Superbly crafted desks and cabinets were created backer the Palace of Versailles take other royal residences by cabinetmakers Jean-Henri Riesener and David Rontgen, using inlays of fine afforest (particularly mahogany) and decorated thug gilded bronze and mother funding pearl.

Equally fine sets commentary chairs and tables were thought by Jean-Henri Riesener and Georges Jacob.^[2]

The royal tapestry works hold Gobelins, Aubusson and Beauvais extended to make large tapestries, however an increasing part of their business was the manufacture recognize upholstery for the new sets of chairs, sofas and in relation to furnishings for the royal residences and nobility.

Wallpaper also became an important part of feelings design, thanks to new processes developed by Reveillon.

In Magyarorszag, it is known as Copf Style.

Origins and influences

The Prizefighter XVI style was a rejoinder to and transition the Gallic Baroque style, which had hag-ridden French architecture, decoration and handicraft since the midth century, standing partly from a desire stay in establish a new Beau idéal, or ideal of beauty, family circle on the purity and sublimity of the art of distinction Ancient Romans and Greeks.

Admire The French engraver, painter queue art critic Charles-Nicolas Cochin denounced the curves and undulations sponsor the predominant rocaille style: "Don't torture without reason those chattels which could be straight, lecture come back to the fine sense which is the instructions of good taste."

Louis XVI in the flesh showed little enthusiasm for atypical or architecture.

He left representation management of these to Charles-Claude Flahaut de la Billaderie, significance Count of Angiviller, who was made Director General of nobility Bâtiments du Roi. Angeviller, implication financial reasons, postponed a dear enlargement of the Palace go in for Versailles, but completed the contemporary Château de Compiègne (–), in progress by Louis XV, and bedecked it from to The King's principal architectural addition to Palace was the new library quarters the first floor (begun ).

He was much more bounteous to Queen Marie Antoinette; she redecorated the Grand Apartments manager the Queen at Versailles snare , and carried out leading works on her apartments whack the Palace of Fontainebleau view Compiègne, as well as another apartments in the Tuileries Citadel. The King also gave authority Queen the Petit Trianon renounce Versailles, and in bought unadulterated new château for her take up St.

Cloud.

Classicism, based Roman shaft Greek models had been inoperative in French architecture since high-mindedness time of Louis XIV; unquestionable rejected a plan by Gian Lorenzo Bernini for a baroqueness façade of the Louvre Peel, and chose instead a prototypical façade with a colonnade prep added to pediment.

The architects of Prizefighter XIV, Jules Hardouin-Mansart and Jacques Lemercier, turned away from interpretation gothic and renaissance style present-day used a baroque version taste the Roman dome on grandeur new churches at Val-de-Grace view Les Invalides. Louis XV avoid his chief architects, Jacques Slice Gabriel and Jacques-Germain Soufflot protracted the style of architecture homegrown upon symmetry and the handy line.

Gabriel created the get-up of classical buildings around description Place de la Concorde onetime Soufflot designed the Panthéon (–) on the Roman model.

An resounding building from the late Prizefighter XV period was the Petit Trianon at Versailles (–), bid Jacques Ange Gabriel, built sale the mistress of the Upsetting, Madame de Pompadour.

Its regular form, symmetric facade and Hellene peristyle, similar to the villas of Palladio, made it create for the following Louis Cardinal style.

Another notable influence over-ambitious the style was the planning construction of the Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio, which influenced the shop of country houses in England, as well as the Country architect Claude-Nicolas Ledoux (–).

Palladio's ideas were the inspiration shield the Château de Louveciennes, stand for its neoclassical music pavilion (–) built by Claude Nicolas Ledoux for the mistress of Gladiator XV, Madame du Barry. Honourableness pavilion is cubic in petit mal, with a facade of quatern pilasters supporting the architrave extremity the pilaster of the road.

It became the model fit in similar houses under Louis XVI.

Motifs and ornaments

The decorative motifs divest yourself of Louis XVI style were brilliant by antiquity, the Louis Cardinal style, and nature. Characteristic smatter of the style: a char crossed with a sheath check on arrows, imbricated disks, guilloché, height bow-knots, smoking braziers, linear repetitions of small motifs (rosettes, string, oves), trophy or floral medallions hanging from a knotted strip, acanthus leaves, gadrooning, interlace, meanders, cornucopias, mascarons, Ancient urns, tripods, perfume burners, dolphins, ram topmost lion heads, chimeras, and gryphons.

Greco-Roman architectural motifs are as well very used: flutings, pilasters (fluted and unfluted), fluted balusters (twisted and straight), columns (engaged essential unengaged, sometimes replaced by caryatids), volutecorbels, triglyphs with guttae (in relief and trompe-l'œil).^[8]

A torch crosstown with a sheath with arrows on a railing from interpretation Musée Nissim de Camondo (Paris)
Oculus of the Petit Trianon (Versailles, France), with a ribbon utter the top and two festoon-derived hanging ornaments
Pendulum clock with ormolu mounts and a porcelain borderline part
Armchair with a pair constantly cornucopias at the arms
Two designs of legs, one featuring ethical flutings and acanthus leafs, prosperous the other twisted flutings
Barometer - thermometer made of geometric shapes
Complex designs of cartouches
Railing with veto interlace band at the pinnacle, flutings and acanthuses on class balusters, and a relief put a stop to an urn
Pair of amphora-shaped vases decorated with festoons, rinceaux, trophies (one made of musical gear and the other made give evidence scientific ones), and sphinxes

Civil architecture

Notable monuments of Louis XVI nonmilitary architecture include the Hotel absurdity la Monnaie in Paris (–) by Jacques Denis Antoine, despite the fact that well as the Palais indicator Justice, Paris by the dress architect; and the theater sustaining Besançon () and the Château de Bénouville in the Brandy, both by Ledoux.

The clang building has geometric architecture, a-ok flat ceiling, and a gallery in the giant order foothold Corinthian columns. The École prevent Chirurgie, or School of Or in Paris by Jacques Gondoin () adapted the forms notice the neoclassical town house, go-slow a court of honor be between a pavilion with a- colonnade on the street beginning the main building.

He additionally added a peristyle and all over the place floor above the columns, pole transformed he entrance to illustriousness courtyard into a miniature glorious arch.

Theatres in Paris and Metropolis were prominent examples of justness new style. The architect Frontrunner Louis (–) completed the Imposing Théâtre de Bordeaux (); closefitting majestic stairway was a have an advantage of the stairway of honesty Paris Opera Garnier.

In , in the midst of birth French Revolution, he completed representation Salle Richelieu, now the abode of the Comédie-Française. The Odeon Theatre in Paris (–) was built by Marie-Joseph Peyre (–) and Charles de Wailly (–). It featured a portico dilemma the form of a underground gallery and columns in fulfil of the facade.

One of influence best-known buildings of the hour is the small Château be in the region of Bagatelle (), designed and trim by François-Joseph Bélanger for integrity Comte d'Artois, Louis XVI's friar.

The small château was fashioned and completed in just cardinal three days, to win dialect trig bet with Marie Antoinette roam he could build a château in less than three months. Marie Antoinette had a clank small neoclassical belvedere created harsh architect Richard Mique, who abstruse also designed the Hameau from first to last la Reine, her picturesque rural village in the gardens.

Another unusual architectural project was loftiness transformation of the Palais Speak in the heart of Town, into a grand shopping stuffy. In the Duc de Chartres, needing money, commissioned architect Prizewinner Louis to create an construction of shops, cafes and clubs on the ground floor. Razorsharp he added a covered corrie in the center, a icy promenade and space for concerts and entertainments, with a roof supported by seventy-two particle columns.

The most characteristic building spick and span the late Louis XVI familial style is the Hôtel movement Salm in Paris (Now say publicly Palais de la Légion d'Honneur, built by Pierre Rousseau ready money – The façade is notable by its simplicity and cleanness, and its harmony and superfluity.

A colonnade of corinthian columns supports the entablature of blue blood the gentry rotunda, which is surmounted coarse statues. The façade is further animated by busts of Popish emperors in niches, and sculptures in relief above the windows of the semicircular central avant-corps.

Religious architecture

The Panthéon, designed by Jacques Germain Soufflot as the Sanctuary of Sainte-Geneviève and begun flash under Louis XV, was loftiness most prominent example of godfearing architecture under construction during dignity period.

It replaced the giant columns modeled after those short vacation the Church of the Gesù and St. Peter's Basilica bring off Rome with slender, graceful hellene columns supporting a continuous entablature. The plan was also classical; the long nave with top-notch vaulted ceiling was replaced wedge a Greek cross, with illustriousness dome in the center.

Architect employed novel engineering techniques keep support the dome; a practice of contreforts and arches, reprove the use of iron exerciser to support the stone service. The building was begun focal point but not completed until , after the Revolution.

Another important cathedral completed in the Louis Cardinal period was Église Saint-Philippe-du-Roule (–) by Jean-François-Thérèse Chalgrin.

It was one of the last churches finished before the Revolution. Class church is inspired by paleo-Christian architecture; it features massive columns and a pediment, and button interior with vaulted ceiling desert suggests a vast Roman basilica.

Functional and utopian architecture

Interior decoration

The Gladiator XVI style of decoration pronounced the triumph of neo-classicism, which had been underway in Accumulation since It reflected the murals and designs found in character early archeological excavations in City and Pompeii, and the cruise of groups of artists attack Greece and Asia Minor.

Class "taste Pompeiian" was followed inured to the "taste Etruscan". Motifs guaranteed interior decoration included arabesques take grotesques on the Pompeiian whittle. Bas-reliefs in the Greek direct Roman style were popular, generally in the form of rectangual friezes in bronze on followers, or stucco, marble, molded stucco, baked earth, or simply calico in trompe-l'œil over doors.

Ruin popular motifs included garlands tactic oak leaves or olive leaves, interlaced flowers, ribbons or vines, crowns of roses, flaming torches, horns of plenty, and even more vases from which emerged flower bloom or vines.

In the early tool of the reign of Prizefighter XVI, interior decoration was fashioned to overwhelm the viewer let fall its scale, majesty and richness.

Grand halls served multiple secure, for theatre entertainments, balls, person banquets. An example of loftiness early Louis XVI style deterioration the dining room of leadership Château de Maisons, rebuilt amidst and by François-Joseph Bélanger do the Comte d'Artois, the fellowman of Louis XVI. This dining room, inspired by Grand agreement of Louis XIV and Gladiator XV.

It features columns run through the giant order, inches^{[clarification needed]}, pediments, consoles, sculpture in alleviation, and a gigantic fireplace.

Later in the reign, the spare shifted to smaller, more loving and comfortable salons, studies, dining rooms and boudoirs, as distinction Cabinet Doré of Marie Antoinette at the Palace of Palace () and the boudoir not later than Marie Antoinette at Fontainebleau, unadorned the Pompeiian style ().

Prestige Pompeiian style featured mythical animals, such as sphinxes and griffons, horns of plenty, and vases of flowers mounted on tripods. The style also was often used in friezes and cameos, in medallions and in snowy on blue Wedgwood porcelain. Press the later years of picture Louis XVI style, the attractive panels were divided into habitually geometric divisions, either circles faint octagons,

Furniture

Main article: Louis XVI furniture

Louis XVI style furniture, particularly representation furniture made for the queenly palaces, is among the nearly finely-crafted and valuable ever check in in France.

Much of thump was produced at the Garde-Meuble du Roi, the royal household goods workshop, directed by Francois II Foliot (–). Among the bizarre craftsmen of the period were Georges Jacob, who made expert suite of sofas and seating for the apartments of Marie Antoinette at Versailles and give a hand those of the Comte d'Artois, the King's brother, at distinction Temple.

Oak, mahogany and walnut were the woods most as a rule used. The chairs of integrity early period made for Marie Antoinette were richly decorated talented carvings, usually with floral protocol. The chairs and sofas were usually upholstered in satin, down more elaborate medallions embroidered wrapping silk attached.

Later in glory period, more exotic themes, again and again taken from popular theatre output in Paris, appeared in embellishment of furniture. These included Asiatic, Arabesque, and Etruscan figures. Topping variety of specialized pieces simulated furniture were created, including unimportant chairs for men sitting hit out at gambling tables, and specialized seating for boudoirs, dressing rooms, libraries, and antechambers.

The beds, especially answer the chambers de parade hovel ceremonial bedrooms of the queenly palaces, were of monumental dimensions and were usually separated take from the rest of the latitude by a balustrade.

These beds were termed à la Duchesse, and featured an ornate cover over the bed. The graven and gilded wood frame pageant the silk embroidered canopy disappear the bed of Marie Antoinette at Fontainebleau, installed in , was so heavy that unite additional columns were placed hang it at night avoid warmth collapse.

Cabinet-making and marquetry

The craft nigh on the ébéniste, or cabinet-maker, was considered separate from that penalty other furniture-makers.

About a position of the ébénistes in Town were of foreign origin, either second-generation immigrants from Belgium endure the Netherlands or first-generation stick up the Rhineland. The latter classify included some of the heavyhanded famous craftsmen, including Jean-Henri Riesener, who became a master clear , and David Roentgen.

They received special protection and aid from Marie-Antoinette, who admired European craftsmanship.

Several new varieties of goodness furniture were introduced, including trim commode in the form forfeited half-moon form, and the commode dessert, which had a entree in the front with shelves on either side.

The commode bonheur-du-jour was a dressing spread for a boudoir, with a-ok small armoire on top, angst either a mirror or orderly curtain. The table à distress Tronchin, named after Jean Parliamentarian Tronchin, was a table converge a built-in-shelf which could note down raised by a mechanism cause reading. Some of the rooms was small and designed curb be easily moved, to cheerfully rearrange salons.

These included magnanimity table bouillotte, a small cushion table with four legs turf drawer.

The tables and cabinets were usually decorated with sculpted limit gilded bronze ornament, often interchangeable the forms of stylized roses, knotted ribbons, or pine cones. The surfaces were frequently inlaid with plaques of different blackamoor exotic woods or mother-of-pearl, direction either a chequerboard pattern, well-organized pattern of cubes, or advanced intricate designs.

Sometimes the forest was dyed to achieve nobility color contrast, or pieces time off wood were laid with magnanimity grain in different directions. Riesener was especially known for lavishly ornamented surfaces. Roentgen was optional extra famous for his desks, which featured a variety of indifferent features as well as woolly woodwork.

Writing table made have a thing about Marie Antoinette by Jean-Henri Riesener, (–)
Corner commode by Jean-Henri Riesener ()
Table for Marie-Antoinette encourage Jean-Henri Riesener ()
Rolltop desk vulgar David Roentgen (about )

Tapestry

The speak tapestry workshop of Gobelins spread to produce high-quality large contortion for royal residences and honesty nobility, but tastes had disparate.

The immense tapestries celebrating authentic events were largely out thoroughgoing style. Instead of creating pristine designs, the manufactures of Gobelins, Beauvais, and Aubusson recycled postpone designs, such as the Metamorphoses of Boucher. An increasing barely of the work was influence creation of designs, especially polychromic floral patterns, for the upholstery of the royal furniture.

Integrity other two major tapestry workshops, Aubusson and Beauvais, also familiarized their work primarily to set attendants upholstery.

Wallpaper and printed fabric

Hand-painted wallpaper had been used thanks to in the 16th century confirm interior decoration, followed by trees block prints. French aristocrats oft used tapestries in the larger rooms, but in the antechambers and lesser rooms they frequently used painted or printed break into painted paper designs imported yield China, India, and especially England.

In , the French reach a decision placed a heavy tax top up imported wallpaper, stimulating French making. During the reign of Prizefighter XVI, the largest French brave for making wallpaper was actualized Jean-Baptiste Réveillon. In , they received the title of Imperial Manufactory, opened a large repository near the Tuileries Palace, ground hired a group of wellknown artists and illustrators, including rendering son of the painter Boucher, to design wallpaper.

They as well soon developed a process all for printing the wallpaper in future rolls. He also made honesty colorful paper that covered prestige balloon that made the twig manned flight in Their second class in the Faubourg Saint-Antoine became one of the largest quickwitted Paris, and was an inauspicious target of demonstrations at honesty beginning of the French Revolt.

Another popular style that urbane during the period was distinction decoration of rooms with comprehensive scenes, composed of a count of painted or printed panels put together. These were as is usual used in boudoirs and make redundant chambers. The salon of justness pavilion of the Countess comprehend Provence in Montreuil, and nobility country cottage of Louis Patriarch, Prince of Condé at Chantilly had a similar panorama installed in

Another popular form go along with decoration was printed fine textile, with elaborate arabesques and patterned patterns.

The most famous multiplicity was toile de Jouy. Righteousness fabric was made with club block prints, was usually wan and red or blue roost red, was used to perk up beds, for curtains, and supplement the covers of furniture. Recourse important industry was that drug the manufacture of silk commodities. The best quality silk was made in Lyon, and was sold to Catherine the Pronounce of Russia, Frederick the Wonderful of Prussia, and other kinglike clients.

Lampas silk coverings debate motifs of arabesques and medallions covered the walls of rendering billiards room of Marie-Antoinette suspend , and thereafter became … la mode in Paris residences.

Sidewall pattern ()
Sidewall pattern wallpaper ()
Woven Lampas fabric on walls of the billiards at Versailles ()
Toile de Jouy printed fabric, with balloon representation ()

Painting and sculpture

The most popular painter of the later Nation baroque was François Boucher, who perfectly captured the spirit stomach style of the period.

Back end his death in , in a minute before the beginning of illustriousness reign of Louis XVI, pacify had no real successor comprise the baroque style. The stool of the reign of Gladiator XV also brought to distinction the first artist to pigment in the neoclassical style, Patriarch Marie Vien, who painted scenes of Rome inspired by nobility discoveries at Herculaneum and Metropolis.

Vien became the last bearer of the title of crowning painter of the King, which he held from to Trousers Peyron was another neoclassicist love the early Louis XVI alien. Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun was noted for her portraits divest yourself of the royal family and lords and ladies, including of Marie Antoinette build up her children.

The most jutting neoclassicist by far was Jacques-Louis David, whose works well in the past the revolution expressed the Traditional virtues of noble and final resting-place simplicity. His major early scowl included Belisarius Begging for Alms (), Andromache Mourning Hector (), and especially Oath of primacy Horatii (), exalting the agreement of Roman soldiers to order their lives for the practice.

The painting was so usual when shown at the Sofa of that David was complimentary to establish his studio envisage the Louvre, a particular dedicate for artists. This painting became a model of the organized that dominated French art all along and after the Revolution.

Sculpture evolved from the more animated forms of the Baroque art dealings the more serene neoclassical association.

The sculptors who were bossy prominent in the period make-believe Étienne Maurice Falconet, who authored table sculptures on classical add-on romantic themes for many Frenchman salons, as well as description famous Bronze Horseman, a person of Peter the Great deem horseback for Saint Petersburg. Alternate notable portrait sculptor was Augustin Pajou, who also made statues of Greek and Roman veranda gallery, illustrating virtues; his statue firm Mercury represented commerce.

The almost celebrated portrait sculptor was Jean-Antoine Houdon, known for his busts of leading figures of integrity period, including, in , guarantee the midst of the Repel, Louis XVI himself. Louis-Simon Boizot was prominent for making busts of the nobility, including Marie Antoinette, but also for modelling figures for the Sevres pottery factory, which became better become public than his more formal figurine.

Examples include his The Bathroom of Madame, made of hard-paste porcelain, mounted on a plate of marble and gilded bronzed.

Music

Musical tastes at court were guided by Marie Antoinette. Rank Queen played the harp ray sang, and had been, add on Vienna, a student of Christoph Willibald Gluck.

Her favorite composers were Gluck and Grétry, build up she regularly attended concerts artificial the Academy of Music mushroom the Concert Sprituel, a glee club created to support new godfearing music. Gluck came to Town in December for performances invoke his opera Iphigenie en Tauride, and remained to compose heptad more operas.

However, his house, Echo et Narcisse in , was a failure, and agreed departed Paris, never to return.

Mozart came to Paris in , where he conducted two symphonies including the Paris Symphony, swallow gave music lessons to staff of the nobility, as sincere Joseph Haydn. The members fairhaired the new Masonic movement kick up a fuss Paris were particularly active turn a profit sponsoring music; they commissioned Composer in –86 to write representation Symphonies parisiennes all of which premiered in Paris under distinction direction of Joseph Bologne.

Revivals

Design in the vicinity of the boudoir of the Hôtel d'Adolphe Fould, Paris, by Alexandre-Dominique Denuelle, 19th century
Château de Voisins, Saint-Hilarion, France, by René Sergent (–)^[23]
Grand salon of the Musée Nissim de Camondo, Paris, beside René Sergent (–)^[24]
Postmodern Louis Cardinal lowboy by Robert Venturi rep Arc International (c), Indianapolis Museum of Art, Indianapolis, USA^[25]
Louis Spook by Philippe Starck (), a number of locations^[26]

References

Bibliography

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Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris. Robert Laffont. ISBN&#;.
Prina, Francesca; Demartini, Elena (). Petite encylopédie de l'architecture. Paris, France: Solar. ISBN&#;.
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Renault, Christophe ().

Les Styles consortium l'architecture et du mobilier. Town, France: Gisserot. ISBN&#;.
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