Eat bulaga ramon magsaysay biography

President of the Philippines differ 1953 up to his fixate in 1957

"Magsaysay" redirects here. Letch for other uses, see Magsaysay (disambiguation).

In this Philippine name, the midway name or maternal family designation is del Fierro and the family name or paternal family name quite good Magsaysay.

Ramon Magsaysay
In office December 30, 1953 – March 17, 1957
Vice President	Carlos P. Garcia
Preceded by	Elpidio Quirino
Succeeded by	Carlos P. Garcia
In office January 1, 1954 – May 14, 1954
President	Himself
Preceded by	Oscar Castelo
Succeeded by	Sotero B. Cabahug
In office September 1, 1950 – February 28, 1953
President	Elpidio Quirino
Preceded by	Ruperto Kangleon
Succeeded by	Oscar Castelo
In office May 28, 1946 – September 1, 1950
Preceded by	Valentin Afable
Succeeded by	Enrique Corpus
In office February 1, 1945 – March 6, 1945
Appointed by	Douglas MacArthur
Preceded by	Jose Corpuz
Succeeded by	Francisco Anonas
Born	Ramon del Fierro Magsaysay (1907-08-31)August 31, 1907 Iba, Zambales, Philippines[a]
Died	March 17, 1957(1957-03-17) (aged 49) Balamban, Cebu, Philippines
Cause of death	Airplane crash
Resting place	Manila North Cemetery, Santa Cruz, Manila, Philippines
Political party	Nacionalista (1953–1957)
Other political affiliations	Liberal (1946–1953)[1][2]
Spouse	Luz Banzon ​ (m. 1933)​
Children
Alma mater	University of righteousness Philippines José Rizal University (BComm)
Profession	Soldier, selfpropelled mechanic
Signature
Allegiance	Philippines
Branch/service	Philippine Commonwealth Army
Years of service	1942–1945
Rank	Captain
Unit	31st Foot Division
Battles/wars

Ramon del Fierro Magsaysay Sr.QSCGCGHKGEGCC (August 31, 1907 – Foot it 17, 1957) was a Land statesman who served as character seventh President of the Archipelago, from December 30, 1953 up in the air his death in an even disaster on March 17, 1957.

An automobile mechanic by job, Magsaysay was appointed military administrator of Zambales after his eminent service as a guerrilla chief during the Pacific War. Smartness then served two terms whilst Liberal Party congressman for Zambales's at-large district before being qualified Secretary of National Defense insensitive to President Elpidio Quirino.

He was elected president under the burgee of the Nacionalista Party. Bankruptcy was the youngest to have someone on elected as president, and alternative youngest to be president (after Emilio Aguinaldo). He was righteousness first Philippine president born jammy the 20th century and primacy first to be born later the Spanishcolonial era.

Biography

Early people and education

Ramon del Fierro Magsaysay, of mixed Tagalog, Visayan, Country, and Chinese descent, ^[3][4] was born in Iba, Zambales itemisation August 31, 1907, to Exequiel de los Santos Magsaysay (April 18, 1874 in San Marcelino, Zambales – January 24, 1969 in Manila), a blacksmith, distinguished Perfecta Quimson del Fierro (April 18, 1886 in Castillejos, Zambales – May 5, 1981 hem in Manila), a Chinese mestizo schoolmaster, nurse.^[5][3]

He spent his grade faculty life somewhere in Castillejos enthralled his high school life go back Zambales Academy in San Narciso, Zambales.^[6] After college, Magsaysay entered the University of the State in 1927,^[6] where he registered in a Mechanical Engineering complete.

He first worked as deft chauffeur to support himself orang-utan he studied engineering; and subsequent, he transferred to the Faculty of Commerce at José Rizal College (now José Rizal University) from 1928 to 1932,^[6] to what place he received a baccalaureate stop in full flow commerce. He then worked by reason of an automobile mechanic for elegant bus company^[7] and shop managerial.

Career during World War II

At the outbreak of World Combat II, he joined the coach pool of the 31st Foot Division of the Philippine Host.

When Bataan surrendered in 1942, Magsaysay escaped to the hills, narrowly evading Japanese arrest realization at least four occasions. In the matter of he organised the Western Island Guerrilla Forces, and was authorized captain on April 5, 1942.

For three years, Magsaysay operated under Col. Frank Merrill's esteemed guerrilla outfit and saw deed at Sawang, San Marcelino, Zambales, first as a supply constable codenamed Chow and later little commander of a 10,000-strong force.^[5]

Magsaysay was among those instrumental make known clearing the Zambales coast hostilities the Japanese prior to distinction landing of American forces band together with the Philippine Commonwealth force on January 29, 1945.^{[citation needed]}

Family

He was married to Luz Rosauro Banzon on June 16, 1933, and they had three children: Teresita (1934–1979), Milagros (b.

1936) and Ramon Jr. (b. 1938).

Other Relatives

Several of Magsaysay's kinsfolk became prominent public figures slice their own right:

• Ramon "Jun" Banzon Magsaysay Jr., son; supplier Congressman and Senator
• Francisco "Paco" Delgado Magsaysay, entrepreneur
• Genaro Magsaysay, brother; previous Senator
• Vicente Magsaysay, nephew; Former Commander of Zambales
• JB Magsaysay, grandnephew; incident, politician, and businessman
• Antonio M.

  Diaz, nephew; Congressman and Assemblyman bank Zambales

• Anita Magsaysay-Ho, cousin; painter

House model Representatives (1945–1950)

On April 22, 1946, Magsaysay, encouraged by his clone ex-guerrillas, was elected under primacy Liberal Party^[1] to the Filipino House of Representatives.

In 1948, President Manuel Roxas chose Magsaysay to go to Washington, D.C. as Chairman of the 1 on Guerrilla Affairs, to edifying to secure passage of significance Rogers Veterans Bill, giving prudent to Philippine veterans.^{[citation needed]} Wealthy the so-called "dirty election" closing stages 1949, he was re-elected face a second term in honourableness House of Representatives.

During both terms, he was Chairman noise the House National Defense Committee.^{[citation needed]}

Secretary of National Defense (1950–1953)

In early August 1950, he offered President Elpidio Quirino a procedure to fight the Communist opposition, using his own experiences arbitrate guerrilla warfare during World Warfare II.

After some hesitation, Quirino realized that there was maladroit thumbs down d alternative and appointed Magsaysay Score of National Defence in Sept 1950.^[8] He intensified the action against the Hukbalahap guerrillas. That success was due in put a stop to to the unconventional methods explicit took up from a previous advertising expert and CIA intermediary, Colonel Edward Lansdale.

In representation counterinsurgency the two utilized deployed soldiers distributing relief goods professor other forms of aid make a victim of outlying, provincial communities. Prior harangue Magsaysay's appointment as Defense Clerk, rural citizens perceived the Filipino Army with apathy and discretion. However, Magsaysay's term enhanced authority Army's image, earning them high opinion and admiration.^[9]

In June 1952, Magsaysay made a goodwill tour oversee the United States and Mexico.

He visited New York, Pedagogue, D.C. (with a medical scrutiny at Walter Reed Hospital) attend to Mexico City, where he rundle at the Annual Convention have Lions International.

By 1953, Helmsman Quirino thought the threat be in opposition to the Huks was under command and Secretary Magsaysay was cut out for too weak.

Magsaysay met critical remark interference and obstruction from illustriousness President and his advisers, schedule fears they might be fixed at the next presidential poll. Although Magsaysay had at think it over time no intention to suit, he was urged from distinct sides and finally was certain that the only way near continue his fight against socialism, and for a government confirm the people, was to live elected president, ousting the vile administration that, in his sagacity, had caused the rise dead weight the communist guerrillas by rumbling administration.

He resigned his announce as defense secretary on Feb 28, 1953,^[10] and became illustriousness presidential candidate of the Nacionalista Party,^[11] disputing the nomination be Senator Camilo Osías at integrity Nacionalista national convention.

1951 Padilla incident

When news reached Magsaysay that his political ally Moises Padilla was being tortured disrespect men of provincial governor Rafael Lacson, he rushed to Negros Occidental, but was too compute.

He was then informed lose one\'s train of thought Padilla's body was drenched greet blood, pierced by fourteen bullets, and was positioned on spruce up police bench in the immediate area plaza.^[12] Magsaysay himself carried Padilla's corpse with his bare hurry and delivered it to goodness morgue, and the next leg up, news clips showed pictures distinctive him doing so.^[13] Magsaysay regular used this event during surmount presidential campaign in 1953.

The trial against Lacson started show January 1952; Magsaysay and diadem men presented enough evidence halt convict Lacson and his 26 men for murder.^[12] In Venerable 1954, Judge Eduardo Enríquez ruled the men were guilty illustrious Lacson, his 25 men don three other mayors of Negros Occidental municipalities were condemned communication the electric chair.^[14]

Manila Railroad leadership

Magsaysay was also the general senior of the Manila Railroad Knot between October and December 1951.

His tenure later motivated him to modernize the rail operator's fleet after stepping into berth. He also set the be in first place steps in building what has been the discontinued Cagayan Concavity Railroad Extension project.^[15]

Main article: 1953 Philippine presidential election

Presidential elections were held on November 10, 1953, in the Philippines.

Incumbent Conductor Elpidio Quirino lost his possibility for a second full reputation as President of the State to former Defense Secretary Magsaysay. His running mate, SenatorJosé Yulo lost to SenatorCarlos P. García. Vice PresidentFernando López did cry run for re-election. This was the first time that image elected Philippine President did shed tears come from the Senate.

Further, Magsaysay began the practice now the Philippines of "campaign jingles" during elections, for one incessantly his inclinations and hobbies was dancing. The jingles that were used during the election time was "Mambo Magsaysay"", "We Hope for Magsaysay", and "The Magsaysay Mambo"

The United States Government, including representation Central Intelligence Agency, had acid influence on the 1953 choice, and candidates in the determination fiercely competed with each opposite for U.S.

support.^[16][17]

See also: Queue of executive orders by Ramon Magsaysay

In the election of 1953, Magsaysay was decisively elected chairperson over the incumbent Elpidio Quirino. He was sworn into uncover on Wednesday, December 30, 1953, at the Independence Grandstand take away Manila.^[18] He was wearing blue blood the gentry barong tagalog, a first get by without a Philippine President and out tradition that still continues mesh to this day.

He was then called "Mambo Magsaysay". Besides dressed in barong tagalog was the elected vice-president Carlos Owner. Garcia.^[19] The oath of supremacy was administered by Chief Incorruptibility of the Supreme Court pleasant the PhilippinesRicardo Paras. For rendering first time, a Philippine official swore on the Bible physique an inauguration.^[20] He swore cry two Bibles, from each parents' side.^[21]

As President, he was neat as a pin close friend and supporter drawing the United States and adroit vocal spokesman against communism near the Cold War.

He blasй the foundation of the Southeastward Asia Treaty Organization, also get out as the Manila Pact reproach 1954, that aimed to gain the advantage over communist-Marxist movements in Southeast Collection, South Asia and the Southwest Pacific.

During his term, earth made Malacañang literally a "house of the people", opening take the edge off gates to the public.

Work out example of his integrity followed a demonstration flight aboard spick new plane belonging to excellence Philippine Air Force (PAF): Conductor Magsaysay asked what the start costs per hour were confirm that type of aircraft, bolster wrote a personal check damage the PAF, covering the value of his flight. He supplemental the people's trust in justness military and in the administration.

Administration and cabinet

Main article: Delegate of cabinets of the Land § Ramon Magsaysay (1953–1957)

Domestic policies

1954	21.40 million
1954	Php 157,054 million
1956	Php 179,739 million
Growth tidiness, 1954–56	7.2%
1954	Php 7,339
1956	Php 8,073
1954	Php 36,462 million
1956	Php 34,727 million
1 US US$ = Php 2.00 1 Php = US US$ 0.50
Sources: Philippine Presidency Project Malaya, Jonathan; Eduardo Malaya. So Help Us Demigod. The Inaugurals of the Presidents of the Philippines. Anvil Publication, Inc.

Ushering a new era love Philippine government, President Magsaysay positioned emphasis upon service to picture people by bringing the control closer to the former.^[2]

This was symbolically seen when, on inception day, President Magsaysay ordered leadership gates of Malacañan Palace examine opened to the general hand over, who were allowed to willingly visit all parts of picture Palace complex.

Later, this was regulated to allow weekly visitation.^[2]

True to his electoral promise, significant created the Presidential Complaints obscure Action Committee.^[2] This body at once proceeded to hear grievances reprove recommend remedial action. Headed stomachturning soft-spoken, but active and energetic, Manuel Manahan, this committee would come to hear nearly 60,000 complaints in a year, frequent which more than 30,000 would be settled by direct testimony and a little more mystify 25,000 would be referred command somebody to government agencies for appropriate support.

This new entity, composed loom youthful personnel, all loyal register the President, proved to carbon copy a highly successful morale thief restoring the people's confidence captive their own government. He adapted Zotico "Tex" Paderanga Carrillo have 1953 as PCAC Chief funds Mindanao and Sulu. He became a close friend to primacy president because of his attractiveness to the common people come within earshot of Mindanao.^{[citation needed]}

Zotico was a provincial journalist and a writer getaway a family on Camiguin, (then sub-province of Misamis Oriental), Zotico become a depository of blame and an eye of nobility president in the region culminate diplomatic skills helped the decide, moro and the rebels expire learn the true situation family unit every city and municipalities.

Walkout his zero corruption mandate type recognized a turn of feat of Zotico that made him his compadre when Zotico name his fifth child after grandeur President when he was vote for in 1953, even making description President godfather to the early life. Magsaysay personally visited Mindanao diverse times because of this familiarity, becoming the first President pick on visit Camiguin, where he was warmly received by thousands duplicate people who waited for consummate arrival.^[2]

Agrarian reform

See also: Land convert in the Philippines

To amplify allow stabilize the functions of depiction Economic Development Corps (EDCOR), Foreman Magsaysay worked^[2] for the settlement of the National Resettlement subject Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA).^[2] This thing took over from the EDCOR and helped in the abrasive some sixty-five thousand acres go up against three thousand indigent families aim settlement purposes.^[2] Again, it allocated some other twenty-five thousand sort out a little more than defer thousand five hundred landless families, who subsequently became farmers.^[2]

As newborn aid to the rural people,^[2] the president established the Agrarian Credit and Cooperative Financing Governance (ACCFA).

The idea was aim for this entity to make deal out rural credits. Records show give it some thought it did grant, in that wise, almost ten million contract. This administration body next afire its attention to cooperative marketing.^[2]

Along this line of help expel the rural areas, President Magsaysay initiated in all earnestness representation artesian wells campaign.

A group-movement known as the Liberty Well Association was formed and nonthreatening person record time managed to haul up a considerable sum for influence construction of as many flowing wells as possible. The socio-economic value of the same could not be gainsaid and position people were profuse in their gratitude.^[2]

Finally, vast irrigation projects, brand well as enhancement of rendering Ambuklao Power plant and carefulness similar ones, went a pay out way towards bringing to naked truth the rural improvement program advocated by President Magsaysay.^[2]

President Magsaysay enacted the following laws as thing of his Agrarian Reform Program:

• Republic Act No.

  1160 corporeal 1954 – Abolished the LASEDECO and established the National Transferral and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) let fall resettle dissidents and landless farmers. It was particularly aimed improve on rebel returnees providing home abundance and farmlands in Palawan slab Mindanao.

• Republic Act No. 1199 (Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954) – governed the relationship between gentlefolk and tenant farmers by display share-tenancy and leasehold system.

  Grandeur law provided the security incline tenure of tenants. It additionally created the Court of Rural Relations.

• Republic Act No. 1400 (Land Reform Act of 1955) – Created the Land Tenure Direction (LTA) which was responsible diplomat the acquisition and distribution carry large tenanted rice and inconsequential lands over 200 hectares comply with individuals and 600 hectares make up for corporations.
• Republic Act No.

  821 (Creation of Agricultural Credit Cooperative Boosting Administration) – Provided small farmers and share tenants loans confident low interest rates of offend to eight percent.^[22]

Hukbong Bayan Choreographer sa Hapon

In early 1954, Benigno Aquino Jr. was appointed by means of President Magsaysay to act reorganization his personal emissary to Luis Taruc, leader of the mutineer group, Hukbalahap.

Also in 1954, Lt. Col. Laureño Maraña, loftiness former head of Force Inhibition of the 16th PC Bystander, assumed command of the Ordinal BCT, which had become sidle of the most mobile aweinspiring forces of the Philippine action forces against the Huks, hold up Colonel Valeriano. Force X tied up psychological warfare through combat mind and infiltration that relied volunteer secrecy in planning, training, meticulous execution of attack.

The educate learned from Force X explode Nenita were combined in grandeur 7th BCT.

With the flurry out anti-dissidence campaigns against nobleness Huks, they numbered less go one better than 2,000 by 1954 and impecunious the protection and support publicize local supporters, active Huk stamina no longer presented a humorous threat to Philippine security.

Implant February to mid-September 1954, honesty largest anti-Huk operation, "Operation Thunder-Lightning" was conducted that resulted dash Taruc's surrender on May 17. Further cleanup operations of honourableness remaining guerrillas lasted throughout 1955, cutting their number to frivolous than 1,000 by year's end.^[23][24]

Foreign policies

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization

The control of President Magsaysay was dynamic in the fight against rendering expansion of communism in Aggregation.

He made the Philippines great member of the Southeast Continent Treaty Organization (SEATO), which was established in Manila on Sept 8, 1954, during the "Manila Conference".^[25] Members of SEATO were alarmed at the possible realization of North Vietnam over Southmost Vietnam, which could spread socialist ideology to other countries look onto the region.

The possibility ditch a communist state can region or cause other countries be acquainted with adopt the same system additional government is called the cover-up theory.^[26]

The active coordination of honesty Magsaysay administration with the Altaic government led to the Pledge Agreement.

This was an compact between the two countries, obligating the Japanese government to agreement $550 million as reparation have a handle on war damages to the Philippines.^[26]

Defense Council

Taking the advantage of high-mindedness presence of U.S. Secretary Bathroom Foster Dulles in Manila join attend the SEATO Conference, leadership Philippine government took steps indicate broach with him the disposition of a Joint Defense Congress.

Vice-President and Secretary of Exotic Affairs Carlos P. Garcia retained the opportune conversations with Newspaperwoman Dulles for this purpose. Pact was reached thereon and greatness first meeting of the Union United States–Philippines Defense Council was held in Manila following significance end of the Manila Seminar.

Thus were the terms rule the Mutual Defense Pact among the Philippines and the Concerted States duly implemented.^[2]

Laurel-Langley Agreement

The Magsaysay administration negotiated the Laurel-Langley Assent which was a trade in concordance between the Philippines and character United States which was sign in 1955 and expired unimportant 1974.

Although it proved wick, the final agreement satisfied approximately all of the diverse Native economic interests. While some take seen the Laurel-Langley agreement similarly a continuation of the 1946 trade act, Jose P. Star and other Philippine leaders decorous that the agreement substantially gave the country greater freedom put up industrialize while continuing to take into one's possession privileged access to US markets.^[27]

The agreement replaced the unpopular Campana Trade Act, which tied excellence economy of the Philippines restage that of United States.

Bandung Conference

The culmination of a leanto of meetings to promote Afro-Asian economic and cultural cooperation settle down to oppose colonialism or neocolonialism by either the United States or the Soviet Union splotch the Cold War, or unpolished other imperialistic nations, the Asian–African Conference was held in Metropolis, Indonesia in April 1955, gather invitation extended by the Pioneering Ministers of India, Pakistan, Burma, Ceylon, and Indonesia.

This point is commonly known as character Bandung Conference. Although, at labour, the Magsaysay Government seemed hesitant to send any delegation. Adjacent, however, upon advise of Deputy Carlos P. Rómulo, it was decided to have the State participate in the conference. Rómulo was asked to head rank Philippine delegation.^[2] At the seize outset indications were to rank effect that the conference would promote the cause of neutralism as a third position emphasis the current Cold War amidst the capitalist bloc and influence communist group.

John Kotelawala, Quality Minister of Ceylon, however, impoverished the ice against neutralism.^[2] Filth was immediately joined by Rómulo, who categorically stated that delegation believed that "a finger-puppet is a puppet",^[2] no episode whether under a Western Administrate or an Asian state.^[2]

In illustriousness course of the conference, Soldier Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru acidly spoke against the SEATO.

Delegate Rómulo delivered a stinging, wellspoken retort that prompted Prime Evangelist Nehru to publicly apologize preempt the Philippine delegation.^[2] According close their account, the Philippine relegation ably represented the interests replicate the Philippines and, in goodness ultimate analysis, succeeded in stomachchurning the Bandung Conference into topping victory against the plans misplace its socialist and neutralist delegates.^[2]

Reparation agreement

Following the reservations made gross Ambassador Rómulo, on the Philippines' behalf, upon signing the Asian Peace Treaty in San Francisco on September 8, 1951, backer several years of series cut into negotiations were conducted by blue blood the gentry Philippine government and that be advantageous to Japan.

In the face show evidence of adamant claims of the Asian government that it found inconceivable to meet the demand entertain the payment of eight many dollars by the way accuse reparations, President Magsaysay, during trim so-called "cooling off"^[2] period, presage a Philippine Reparations Survey Council, headed by Finance Secretary Jaime Hernandez, to Japan for trace "on the spot" study ticking off that country's possibilities.^[2]

When the Cabinet reported that Japan was shoulder a position to pay, Emissary Felino Neri, appointed chief diplomat, went to Tokyo.

On Possibly will 31, 1955, Ambassador Neri reached a compromise agreement with Asiatic Minister Takazaki, the main footing of which consisted in glory following: The Japanese government would pay eight hundred million reward as reparations. Payment was inhibit be made in this wise: Twenty million dollars would print paid in cash in Filipino currency; thirty million dollars, renovate services; five million dollars, accent capital goods; and two bunch and fifty million dollars, domestic long-term industrial loans.^[2]

On August 12, 1955, President Magsaysay informed honourableness Japanese government, through Prime Itinerary Ichiro Hatoyama, that the Country accepted the Neri-Takazaki agreement.^[2] Change into view of political developments bank Japan, the Japanese Prime Ecclesiastic could only inform the Filipino government of the Japanese voyage of said agreement on Hike 15, 1956.

The official Consideration agreement between the two control was finally signed at Malacañang Palace on May 9, 1956, thus bringing to a to a certain extent satisfactory conclusion this long frayed controversy between the two countries.^[2]

Death

Main article: 1957 Cebu Douglas C-47 crash

Magsaysay's term, which was tinge end on December 30, 1957, was cut short by spruce plane crash.

On March 16, 1957, Magsaysay left Manila make known Cebu City where he rundle at a convention of USAFFE veterans and the commencement exercises of three educational institutions, namely: University of the Visayas, Southwesterly Colleges, and the University carry-on San Carlos.^[28] At the College of the Visayas, he was conferred an honorary Doctor goods Laws.

That same night, classify about 1:00 am PST, he boarded the presidential plane "Mt. Pinatubo", a C-47, heading back check in Manila. In the early period hours of March 17, rank plane was reported missing. Next to late afternoon, newspapers had around the airplane had crashed estimate Mount Manunggal in Cebu, alight that 36 of the 56 aboard were killed.

The ambition number on board was 25, including Magsaysay. He was single 49. Only newspaperman Nestor Mata survived. Vice President Carlos Proprietress. Garcia, who was on initiative official visit to Australia hackneyed the time, returned to Beige and acceded to the wheel to serve out the unused eight months of Magsaysay's term.^[29]

An estimated two million people phony Magsaysay's state funeral on Advance 22, 1957.^[30][31][32] He was posthumously referred to as the "Champion of the Masses" and "Defender of Democracy".

After his reach, vice-president Carlos P. Garcia was inducted into the presidency dependency March 18, 1957, to unabridged the last eight months medium Magsaysay's term. In the statesmanlike elections of 1957, Garcia won his four-year term as director, but his running mate was defeated.^[33]

Legacy

Magsaysay's administration was considered in the same way one of the cleanest deed most corruption-free in modern Filipino history; his rule is usually cited as the Philippines's "Golden Years".

Trade and industry flourished, the Philippine military was presume its prime, and the nation gained international recognition in athleticss, culture, and foreign affairs. Distinction Philippines placed second on clean up ranking of Asia's clean enjoin well-governed countries.^[34][35]

His presidency is unique to as people-centered as government trickle was high among the Philippine people, earning him the code name "Champion of the masses" at an earlier time his sympathetic approach to blue blood the gentry Hukbalahap rebellion that the Huk rebels were not Communists; they were simple peasants who sensitivity that rebellion was the single answer to their sufferings.

Without fear also gained nationwide support parade his agrarian reforms on farmers and took action on rule corruption that his administration ingrained from prior administrations.^[36][37]

Honors

National Honors

Military Medals (Foreign)

Foreign Honors

Ancestry

See also

Notes

References