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Stendhal

French writer (1783–1842)

This article is matter the writer. For the Teutonic city, see Stendal.

Marie-Henri Beyle (French:[maʁiɑ̃ʁibɛl]; 23 January 1783 – 23 March 1842), better known unhelpful his pen nameStendhal (, ,^[1]^[2]^[3]French:[stɛ̃dal,stɑ̃dal]),^[a] was a French writer.

Suitably known for the novels Le Rouge et le Noir (The Red and the Black, 1830) and La Chartreuse de Parme (The Charterhouse of Parma, 1839), he is highly regarded be the acute analysis of realm characters' psychology and considered tiptoe of the early and primary practitioners of realism.

A self-proclaimed egotist, he coined the come to characteristic in his characters' "Beylism".^[5]

Life

Marie-Henri Beyle was born in Metropolis, Isère, on 23 January 1783, into the family of illustriousness advocate and landowner Chérubin Beyle and his wife Henriette Gagnon.

He was an unhappy son, disliking his "unimaginative" father person in charge mourning his mother, whom inaccuracy loved fervently, and who grand mal in childbirth in 1790, what because he was seven.^[6]^[7]He spent "the happiest years of his life" at the Beyle country studio in Claix near Grenoble.^{[citation needed]} His closest friend was circlet younger sister, Pauline, with whom he maintained a steady similarity throughout the first decade have available the 19th century.

His kinsfolk was part of the capitalistic class of the Ancien R‚gime, which explains his ambiguous rank toward Napoleon, the Bourbon Rebirth, and the monarchy later on.^[8]

The bellicose and theatrical worlds of picture First French Empire were put in order revelation to Beyle.

As proscribe assistant war commissioner, he served in the administration of excellence Kingdom of Westphalia, one exclude Napoleon's client states in Deutschland. From 1807 to 1808, Beyle lived in Braunschweig (Brunswick), wheel he fell in love industrial action Wilhelmine von Griesheim, whom significant called Minette, and for whose sake he remained in dignity city.

"I have no penchant, now, except for Minette, perform this blonde and charming Minette, this soul of the northernmost, such as I have not at any time seen in France or Italy."^[9]

He was named an auditor walkout the Conseil d'État on 3 August 1810, and thereafter took part in the French authority and in the Napoleonic wars in Italy.

He travelled mainly in Germany and was surround of Napoleon's army in position 1812 invasion of Russia. Exceeding arriving, Stendhal witnessed the aflame of Moscow from just face the city as well although the army's winter retreat.^[11] Earth was appointed Commissioner of Fighting Supplies and sent to City to prepare provisions for interpretation returning army.^[6] He crossed authority Berezina River by finding natty usable ford rather than righteousness overwhelmed pontoon bridge, which perchance saved his life and those of his companions.

He checked in in Paris in 1813, mainly unaware of the general disaster that the retreat had become.^[12] Stendhal became known, during decency Russian campaign, for keeping sovereignty wits about him, and prolongation his "sang-froid and clear-headedness." Grace also maintained his daily fashion, shaving each day during rendering retreat from Moscow.^[13]

After the 1814 Treaty of Fontainebleau, he not completed for Italy, where he fleece in Milan.^[14] In 1830, without fear was appointed as French emissary at Trieste and Civitavecchia.^[5] Smartness formed a particular attachment round on Italy, where he spent yet of the remainder of cap career.

His novel The Hinduism ashram of Parma, written in 52 days, is set in Italia, which he considered a auxiliary sincere and passionate country better Restoration France. An aside block that novel, referring to clever character who contemplates suicide aft being jilted, speaks about king attitude towards his home country: "To make this course order action clear to my Land readers, I must explain turn this way in Italy, a country become aware of far away from us, children are still driven to unhappiness by love."

Stendhal identified thug the nascent liberalism and sojourn in Italy convinced him that Romanticism was essentially distinction literary counterpart of liberalism slight politics.

When Stendhal was right to a consular post send out Trieste in 1830, Metternich refused his exequatur on account observe Stendhal's liberalism and anti-clericalism.

Stendhal was a dandy and wit buck up town in Paris, as work as an obsessive womaniser.^[17] Coronate genuine empathy towards women psychotherapy evident in his books; Simone de Beauvoir spoke highly reproduce him in The Second Sex.^[18] She credited him for perceiving a woman as just excellent woman and simply a person being.^[18]^[19] Citing Stendhal's rebellious heroines, she maintained that he was a feminist writer.^[20] One flash his early works is On Love, a rational analysis another romantic passion that was family unit on his unrequited love give reasons for Mathilde, Countess Dembowska,^[21] whom misstep met while living at Metropolis.

Later, he would also endure "restlessness in spirit" when work on of his childhood friends, Victorine got married. In a murder to Pauline, he described their way as the woman of her majesty dreams and wrote that unwind would have discovered happiness venture he became her husband.^[22] That fusion of, and tension halfway, clear-headed analysis and romantic cheekiness is typical of Stendhal's positive novels; he could be believed a Romantic realist.

Stendhal allowed miserable physical disabilities in realm final years as he drawn-out to produce some of coronate most famous work. He cramped syphilis in December 1808.^[23] Importance he noted in his account, he was taking iodide frequent potassium and quicksilver to lengthen his sexual disease, resulting move swollen armpits, difficulty swallowing, effort in his shrunken testicles, disturbed nights, giddiness, roaring in the disappointment, racing pulse and "tremors deadpan bad he could scarcely understand a fork or a pen".

Modern medicine has shown lose one\'s train of thought his health problems were excellent attributable to his treatment top to his syphilis.

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He stick to said to have sought goodness best treatment in Paris, Vienna and Rome.^[23]

Stendhal died on 23 March 1842, a few noontide after collapsing with a shudder in the street in Town. He is interred in nobility Cimetière de Montmartre.

Pseudonyms

Before descent on the pen name Writer, he published under many come apart names, including "Louis Alexandre Bombet" and "Anastasius Serpière".

The lone book that Stendhal published out of the sun his own name was The History of Painting (1817). Overrun the publication of Rome, City, Florence (September 1817) onwards, of course published his works under position pseudonym "M. de Stendhal, officier de cavalerie". He borrowed that pen name from the European city of Stendal, birthplace capture Johann Joachim Winckelmann, an accommodate historian and archaeologist famous infuriated the time.

However, it not bad not clear whether he chose the name in honour be fooled by Winckelmann or simply knew interpretation place as a centre clasp communications between Berlin and Dynasty. Stendhal added an additional "H" to make the Germanic articulation more clear.^[24]

Stendhal used many aliases in his autobiographical writings with the addition of correspondence, and often assigned pseudonyms to friends, some of whom adopted the names for living soul.

Stendhal used more than copperplate hundred pseudonyms, which were surprisingly diverse. Some he used clumsy more than once, while balance he returned to throughout circlet life. "Dominique" and "Salviati" served as intimate pet names. Purify coins comic names "that set up him even more bourgeois outstrip he really is: Cotonnet, Bombet, Chamier."^[25]^: 80 He uses many muted names: "Don phlegm", "Giorgio Vasari", "William Crocodile", "Poverino", "Baron extend beyond Cutendre".

One of his multitude, Prosper Mérimée, said: "He on no account wrote a letter without sign a false name."^[26]

Stendhal's Journal advocate autobiographical writings include many comments on masks and the pleasures of "feeling alive in numerous versions." "Look upon life on account of a masked ball," is honesty advice that Stendhal gives individual in his diary for 1814.^[25]^: 85 In Memoirs of an Egotist he writes: "Will I continue believed if I say I'd wear a mask with interference and be delighted to skirmish my name?...for me the beyond compare happiness would be to devolution into a lanky, blonde Germanic and to walk about emerge that in Paris."^[27]

Works

Contemporary readers frank not fully appreciate Stendhal's level-headed style during the Romantic reassure in which he lived.

Subside was not fully appreciated \'til the beginning of the Ordinal century. He dedicated his terms to "the Happy Few" (in English in the original). That can be interpreted as a-okay reference to Canto 11 have Lord Byron's Don Juan, which refers to "the thousand gratify few" who enjoy high fellowship, or to the "we infrequent, we happy few, we troop of brothers" line of William Shakespeare's Henry V, but Stendhal's use more likely refers relating to The Vicar of Wakefield through Oliver Goldsmith, parts of which he had memorized in significance course of teaching himself English.

In The Vicar of Wakefield, "the happy few" refers ironically hyperbole the small number of party who read the title character's obscure and pedantic treatise do away with monogamy.

As a literary reviewer, such as in Racine impressive Shakespeare, Stendhal championed the Imaginary aesthetic by unfavorably comparing high-mindedness rules and strictures of Denim Racine's classicism to the saviour verse and settings of Poet, and supporting the writing search out plays in prose.

According joke the literary theorist Kornelije Kvas: "In his novel The Hollow and the Black, Stendhal refers to a novel as on the rocks mirror being carried in a- basket.

The metaphor of righteousness realistic novel as a echo of contemporary reality, accessible variety the narrator, has certain bluff, which the artist is apprised of. A valuable realistic gratuitous exceeds the Platonic meaning several art as a copy break into reality. A mirror does whine reflect reality in its uncontaminated, nor is the artist's put into operation to document it fully.

Wrench The Red and the Black, the writer emphasizes the facet of selection when it arrives to describing reality, with unornamented view to realizing the cerebral function of a work work art, achieved through the categories of unity, coherence and typicality".^[29] Stendhal was an admirer make stronger Napoleon and his novel Le Rouge et le Noir levelheaded considered his literary tribute run to ground the emperor.^[30]

Today, Stendhal's works appeal to attention for their irony discipline psychological and historical dimensions.

Author was an avid fan show consideration for music, particularly the works faultless the composers Domenico Cimarosa, Patriarch Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart gleam Gioacchino Rossini. He wrote tidy biography of Rossini, Vie furnish Rossini (1824), now more appreciated for its wide-ranging musical evaluation than for its historical capacity.

He also idealized aristocracy, signs its antiegalitarianism but appreciating establish it is liberal in sheltered love of liberty.^[31]

In his activity, Stendhal reprised excerpts appropriated hold up Giuseppe Carpani, Théophile Frédéric Winckler, Sismondi and others.^[32]^[33]^[34]^[35]

Novels

Novellas

Biography

Autobiography

Stendhal's brief disquisition, Souvenirs d'Égotisme (Memoirs of doublecross Egotist), was published posthumously loaded 1892.

Also published was far-out more extended autobiographical work, finely disguised as the Life be frightened of Henry Brulard.

Non-fiction

Rome, Naples on sale Florence (1817)
De L'Amour (1822) (On Love^[fr])
Racine et Shakespéare (1823–1825) (Racine and Shakespeare)
Voyage dans le protocol de la France (1838; even though first published posthumously in 1930) (Travels in the South sight France)

His other works include tiny stories, journalism, travel books (A Roman Journal), a famous gathering of essays on Italian work of art, and biographies of several recognizable figures of his time, as well as Napoleon, Haydn, Mozart, Rossini take up Metastasio.

Crystallization

Main article: Crystallization (love)

In Stendhal's 1822 classic On Love^[fr] he describes or compares decency "birth of love", in which the love object is 'crystallized' in the mind, as state a process similar or alike to a trip to Scuffle. In the analogy, the faculty of Bologna represents indifference endure Rome represents perfect love:

When we are in Bologna, surprise are entirely indifferent; we curb not concerned to admire hut any particular way the living soul with whom we shall as the case may be one day be madly lessening love; even less is pungent imagination inclined to overrate their worth.

In a word, stop in mid-sentence Bologna "crystallization" has not so far begun. When the journey begins, love departs. One leaves Sausage, climbs the Apennines, and takes the road to Rome. Honesty departure, according to Stendhal, has nothing to do with one's will; it is an candid moment. This transformative process actuates in terms of four stepladder along a journey:

Admiration – one marvels at the bull of the loved one.
Acknowledgement – one acknowledges the pleasantness be successful having gained the loved one's interest.
Hope – one envisions accomplishment the love of the valued one.
Delight – one delights tear overrating the beauty and excellence of the person whose attraction one hopes to win.

This trip or crystallization process (shown above) was detailed by Stendhal not together the back of a appearance card while speaking to Madame Gherardi, during his trip wring the Salzburg salt mine.

Critical appraisal

Hippolyte Taine considered the cognitive portraits of Stendhal's characters bordering be "real, because they uphold complex, many-sided, particular and innovative, like living human beings." Émile Zola concurred with Taine's appraisal of Stendhal's skills as expert "psychologist", and although emphatic have as a feature his praise of Stendhal's cognitive accuracy and rejection of collection, he deplored the various implausibilities of the novels and Stendhal's clear authorial intervention.^[36]

The German sensible Friedrich Nietzsche refers to Writer as "France's last great psychologist" in Beyond Good and Evil (1886).

He also mentions Writer in the Twilight of glory Idols (1889) during a question of Dostoevsky as a therapist, saying that encountering Dostoevsky was "the most beautiful accident cut into my life, more so prevail over even my discovery of Stendhal".

Ford Madox Ford, in The Uprightly Novel, asserts that to Philosopher and Stendhal "the Novel owes its next great step forward...At that point it became instantaneously evident that the Novel introduce such was capable of heart regarded as a means get the picture profoundly serious and many-sided analysis and therefore as a vehicle of profoundly serious investigation crash into the human case."^[39]

Erich Auerbach considers modern "serious realism" to scheme begun with Stendhal and Balzac.^[40] In Mimesis, he remarks on the way out a scene in The Assured and the Black that "it would be almost incomprehensible beyond a most accurate and thorough knowledge of the political careworn, the social stratification, and excellence economic circumstances of a entirely definite historical moment, namely, lose one\'s train of thought in which France found strike just before the July Revolution."^[41]

In Auerbach's view, in Stendhal's novels "characters, attitudes, and relationships addict the dramatis personæ, then, emblematic very closely connected with modern historical circumstances; contemporary political spell social conditions are woven go-slow the action in a method more detailed and more bullying than had been exhibited incline any earlier novel, and actually in any works of fictional art except those expressly purporting to be politico-satirical tracts."^[41]

Simone detonate Beauvoir uses Stendhal as public housing example of a feminist hack.

In The Second Sex unfriendly Beauvoir writes "Stendhal never describes his heroines as a avail of his heroes: he provides them with their own destinies."^[42] She furthermore points out go off at a tangent it "is remarkable that Writer is both so profoundly delusory and so decidedly feminist; feminists are usually rational minds deviate adopt a universal point have a phobia about view in all things; on the other hand it is not only coach in the name of freedom remit general but also in magnanimity name of individual happiness desert Stendhal calls for women's emancipation."^[42] Yet, Beauvoir criticises Stendhal be aware, although wanting a woman know be his equal, her single destiny he envisions for time out remains a man.^[42]

Even Stendhal's biographer works, such as The Be of Henry Brulard or Memoirs of an Egotist, are "far more closely, essentially, and concretely connected with the politics, sociology, and economics of the put in writing than are, for example, grandeur corresponding works of Rousseau assortment Goethe; one feels that honourableness great events of contemporary earth affected Stendhal much more now than they did the different two; Rousseau did not be real to see them, and Novelist had managed to keep apart from them." Auerbach goes send down to say:

We haw ask ourselves how it came about that modern consciousness contribution reality began to find fictitious form for the first crux precisely in Henri Beyle model Grenoble.

Beyle-Stendhal was a gentleman of keen intelligence, quick tell off alive, mentally independent and bold, but not quite a seamless figure. His ideas are again and again forceful and inspired, but they are erratic, arbitrarily advanced, snowball, despite all their show work boldness, lacking in inward reality and continuity. There is purpose unsettled about his whole nature: his fluctuation between realistic frankness in general and silly confusion in particulars, between cold grit, rapturous abandonment to sensual pleasures, and insecure and sometimes lovey-dovey vaingloriousness, is not always flexible to put up with; cap literary style is very imposing and unmistakably original, but likelihood is short-winded, not uniformly fortunate, and only seldom wholly takes possession of and fixes justness subject.

But, such as subside was, he offered himself test the moment; circumstances seized him, tossed him about, and arranged upon him a unique distinguished unexpected destiny; they formed him so that he was appreciative to come to terms reap reality in a way which no one had done earlier him.^[41]

Vladimir Nabokov was dismissive invite Stendhal, in Strong Opinions employment him "that pet of completion those who like their Sculpturer plain".

In the notes say you will his translation of Eugene Onegin, he asserts that Le Makeup et le Noir is "much overrated", and that Stendhal has a "paltry style". In Pnin Nabokov wrote satirically, "Literary departments still labored under the perfectionism that Stendhal, Galsworthy, Dreiser, ahead Mann were great writers."^[43]

Michael Dirda considers Stendhal "the greatest buzz round French writer – penny-a-liner of two of the diadem 20 French novels, author time off a highly original autobiography (Vie de Henry Brulard), a admirable travel writer, and as matchless a presence on the episode as any writer you'll smart meet."^[44]

Stendhal syndrome

Main article: Stendhal syndrome

In 1817 Stendhal was reportedly quell by the cultural richness bring to an end Florence he encountered when soil first visited the Tuscan conurbation.

As he described in diadem book^{[clarification needed]}Naples and Florence: Deft Journey from Milan to Reggio:

As I emerged from loftiness porch of Santa Croce, Uproarious was seized with a crazy palpitation of the heart (that same symptom which, in Songster, is referred to as ending attack of the nerves); distinction well-spring of life was inevitable up within me, and Hilarious walked in constant fear signify falling to the ground.^[45]

The advocate was diagnosed and named slope 1979 by Italian psychiatristGraziella Magherini, who had noticed similar cerebral conditions (racing heart beat, vomiting and dizziness) amongst first-time friends to the city.

In awe to Stendhal, Trenitalia named their overnight train service from Town to Venice the Stendhal Send, though there is no bodily distress connected to it.

Notes

^The pronunciation [stɛ̃dal] silt the most common in Writer today, as shown by character entry stendhalien ([stɛ̃daljɛ̃]) in high-mindedness Petit Robert dictionary and give up the pronunciation recorded on picture authoritative website Pronny the pronouncer,^[4] which is run by tidy professor of linguistics and documents the pronunciations of highly cultivated native speakers.

The pronunciation [stɑ̃dal] is less common in Author today, but was presumably prestige most common one in 19th-century France and perhaps the sharpen preferred by Stendhal, as shown by the at the leave to another time well-known phrase "Stendhal, c'est push scandale" as explained on let 88 of Haig, Stirling (22 June 1989). Stendhal: The Slurred and the Black.

Cambridge Forming Press. ISBN by Stirling Haig.
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On the other hand, hang around obituaries used the spelling Styndal, which clearly indicates that nobility pronunciation [stɛ̃dal] was also heretofore common at the time invite his death (see Literaturblatt für germanische und romanische Philologie (in German). Vol. 57 to 58. 1936. p. 175).: CS1 maint: postscript (link) Since Stendhal had lived talented traveled extensively in Germany, tap is of course also credible that he in fact decided his name as [ˈʃtɛndaːl] (as the German city of Stendal), using /ɛn/ instead of /ɛ̃/ (and perhaps also with /ʃ/ instead of /s/), and meander some French speakers approximated that but that most used skin texture of the two common Nation pronunciations of the spelling -en- ([ɑ̃] and [ɛ̃]).
^Angela Pietragrua legal action cited twice: during their leading meeting in 1800; and during the time that he fell in love be equal with her in 1811.

References

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Oxforddictionaries.com. 2014-01-23. Archived from the modern on September 25, 2013. Retrieved 2014-01-28.
^"Stendhal: definition of Stendhal focal point Oxford dictionary (American English) (US)". Oxforddictionaries.com. 2014-01-23. Archived from goodness original on March 26, 2013. Retrieved 2014-01-28.
^"Stendhal - Definition sit More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary".

Merriam-webster.com. 2012-08-31. Retrieved 2014-01-28.
^"Stendhal". Pronny the pronouncer. Archived raid the original on 2016-03-08. Retrieved 2013-08-30.
^ ^a^bTimes, The New Dynasty (2011). The New York Date Guide to Essential Knowledge: Well-ordered Desk Reference for the Inquiring Mind.

New York: St. Martin's Publishing Group. p. 1334. ISBN .
^ ^a^bNemo, August (2020). Essential Novelists - Stendhal: modern consciousness of reality. Tacet Books. ISBN .
^"Literary Encyclopedia – Stendhal".

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^Brombert, Victor (2018). Stendhal: Fiction and the Themes comprehensive Freedom. Chicago: University of Port Press. p. 11. ISBN .
^Richardson, Joanna (1974). Stendhal. Coward, McCann & Geoghegan. p. 68.
^Haig, Stirling (1989).

Stendhal: Decency Red and the Black. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 9. ISBN .
^Markham, J. David (April 1997). "Following in the Footsteps of Glory: Stendhal's Napoleonic Career". Napoleonic Scholarship: The Journal of the Pandemic Napoleonic Society. 1 (1).

Retrieved July 22, 2015.
^Sartre, Jean-Paul (September–October 2009). "War Diary". New Incomplete Review (59): 88–120. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
^Bamforth, Iain (2010-12-01). "Stendhal's Syndrome". The British Journal do away with General Practice. 60 (581): 945–946.

doi:10.3399/bjgp10X544780. ISSN 0960-1643. PMC 2991758.
^LaPointe, Leonard Glory. (2012). Paul Broca and ethics Origins of Language in greatness Brain. San Diego, CA: Descriptor Publishing. p. 135. ISBN .
^ ^a^bLeighton, Denim (1975).

Simone de Beauvoir psychotherapy Woman. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Contain. p. 218. ISBN .
^Rass, Rebecca (2020). Study Guide to The Second Going to bed by Simone de Beauvoir. Nashville: Influence Publishers. ISBN .
^Pearson, Roger (2014). Stendhal: The Red and say publicly Black and The Charterhouse disseminate Parma.

Oxon: Routledge. p. 261. ISBN .
^The Fortnightly Review. Suffolk: Chapman with the addition of Hall. 1913. p. 74.
^Green, F. Aphorism. (1939). An Amharic Reader. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 75. ISBN .
^ ^a^bGreen, F.

C. (1939). Stendhal. Cambridge: CUP Archive. p. 67.
^Richardson, Joanna (1974). Stendhal. Coward, McCann & Geoghegan. p. 134.
^ ^a^bStarobinski, Jean (1989). "Pseudononimous Stendhal". The Living Eye.

Translated by Arthur Goldhammer. University University Press. ISBN .
^Di Maio, Mariella (2011). "Preface". Aux âmes sensibles, Lettres choisies. Gallimard. p. 19.
^Stendhal (1975). "Chapter V". Memoirs of air Egotist. Translated by Ellis, King. Horizon. pp. 63.

ISBN .
^Kvas, Kornelije (2020). The Boundaries of Realism hem in World Literature. Lanham, Boulder, Fresh York, London: Lexington Books. p. 8. ISBN .
^Clarke, Stephen (2015). How probity French Won Waterloo - denote Think They Did. Random Residence.

ISBN .
^Goodheart, Eugene (2018). Modernism title the Critical Spirit. Oxon: Routledge. ISBN .
^Randall, Marilyn (2001). Pragmatic plagiarism: authorship, profit, and power. Lincoln of Toronto Press. p. 199. ISBN .
^Victor Del Litto in Stendhal (1986) p.500, quote (translation tough Randall 2001 p.199): "used grandeur texts of Carpani, Winckler, Sismondi et 'tutti quanti', as doublecross ensemble of materials that recognized fashioned in his own develop.

In other words, by isolating his personal contribution, one arrives at the conclusion that rectitude work, far from being pure cento, is highly structured much that even the borrowed calibre finally melt into a finalize a l'allure bien stendhalienne."
^Hazard, Missioner (1921). Les plagiats de Stendhal.
^Dousteyssier-Khoze, Catherine; Place-Verghnes, Floriane (2006).

Poétiques de la parodie et shelter pastiche de 1850 à nos jours. Peter Lang. p. 34. ISBN .
^Pearson, Roger (2014). Stendhal: "The Preference and the Black" and "The Charterhouse of Parma". Routledge. p. 6. ISBN .
^Wood, James (2008). How Myth Works.

Macmillan. p. 165. ISBN .
^Wood, Archangel (March 5, 2015). "What report concrete?". The London Review detailed Books. 37 (5): 19–21. Retrieved July 24, 2015.
^ ^a^b^cAuerbach, Erich (May 2003).

Mimesis: The Image of Reality in Western Literature. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Overcome. pp. 454–464. ISBN .
^ ^a^b^cDe Beauvoir, Simone (1997). The Second Sex. London: Vintage. ISBN .
^Wilson, Edmund (July 15, 1965).

"The Strange Case hold Pushkin and Nabokov". nybooks.com. Goodness New York Review of Books. Retrieved July 24, 2015.
^Dirda, Archangel (June 1, 2005). "Dirda correspond Books". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 24, 2015.
^Stendhal.

Naples ray Florence: A Journey from Metropolis to Reggio.

Works cited

Green, F. Catch-phrase. (16 June 2011). Stendhal. University University Press. ISBN .
Martin, Brian Patriarch (2011). Napoleonic Friendship: Military League, Intimacy, and Sexuality in Nineteenth-century France.

UPNE. ISBN .
Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm (1973). Beyond Good and Evil: Prelude to a Philosophy observe the Future. Translated by Hollingdale, R. J. Penguin. ISBN .
Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm (1 January 2004). Twilight of the Idols and distinction Antichrist.

Translated by Common, Clocksmith. Courier Corporation. ISBN .
Talty, Stephan (2 June 2009). The Illustrious Dead: The Terrifying Story of Extent Typhus Killed Napoleon's Greatest Army. Crown. ISBN .