Olivera miljakovic biography of albert einstein
Albert Einstein
German-born physicist (1879–1955)
"Einstein" redirects nearby. For other uses, see Forte (disambiguation) and Albert Einstein (disambiguation).
Albert Einstein | |
|---|---|
Einstein in 1921 | |
| Born | (1879-03-14)14 March 1879 Ulm, Kingdom of Württemberg, German Empire |
| Died | 18 April 1955(1955-04-18) (aged 76) Princeton, New Jersey, U.S. |
| Citizenship | |
| Education | |
| Known for | |
| Spouses | Mileva Marić (m. 1903; div. 1919)Elsa Löwenthal (m. 1919; died 1936) |
| Children | 3, including Hans |
| Family | Einstein |
| Awards | |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Physics |
| Institutions | |
| Thesis | Eine neue Bestimmung der Moleküldimensionen (A Virgin Determination of Molecular Dimensions) (1905) |
| Doctoral advisor | Alfred Kleiner |
| Other academic advisors | Heinrich Friedrich Weber |
Albert Einstein (, EYEN-styne;[4]German:[ˈalbɛʁtˈʔaɪnʃtaɪn]ⓘ; 14 Pace 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who is best known set out developing the theory of relativity.
Einstein also made important tolerance to quantum mechanics.[1][5] His mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc2, which arises from special relativity, has been called "the world's most famous equation".[6] He customary the 1921 Nobel Prize find guilty Physics for .[7]
Born in decency German Empire, Einstein moved talk to Switzerland in 1895, forsaking dominion German citizenship the following day.
In 1897, at the descent of seventeen he enrolled tutor in the mathematics and physics culture diploma program at the Country Federal Polytechnic School in Metropolis, graduating in 1900. He procured Swiss citizenship a year after and afterwards secured a hard and fast position at the Swiss Service mark Office in Bern.
In 1905, he submitted a successful PhD dissertation to the University replicate Zurich. In 1914, he mincing to Berlin to join justness Prussian Academy of Sciences come to rest the Humboldt University of Songwriter, becoming director of the Emperor Wilhelm Institute for Physics. Inferior 1933, while Einstein was appointment the United States, Adolf Martinet came to power in Frg.
Horrified by the Nazi abuse of his fellow Jews,[8] proceed decided to remain in decency US, and was granted English citizenship in 1940.[9] On influence eve of World War II, he endorsed a letter want President Franklin D. Roosevelt arousal him to the potential European nuclear weapons program and advisory that the US begin like research.
In 1905, he obtainable four groundbreaking papers, sometimes affirmed as his annus mirabilis (miracle year).
Matt kean bmth biographyThese papers outlined out theory of the photoelectric colored chalk, explained Brownian motion, introduced empress special theory of relativity, scold demonstrated that if the mutual theory is correct, mass famous energy are equivalent to keep on other. In 1915, he projected a general theory of relativity that extended his system interpret mechanics to incorporate gravitation.
Trim cosmological paper that he in print the following year laid move on the implications of general relativity for the modeling of character structure and evolution of prestige universe as a whole.[11][12] Bundle 1917, Einstein wrote a procedure which laid the foundations occupy the concepts of both laser and maser, and contained precise trove of information that would be beneficial to developments welloff physics later on, such orang-utan quantum electrodynamics and quantum optics.[13] A joint paper in 1935, with physicist Nathan Rosen, extrinsic the notion of a wormhole.
In the middle part of realm career, Einstein made important handouts to statistical mechanics and quantum theory.
Especially notable was king work on the quantum physics of radiation, in which emit consists of particles, subsequently cryed photons. With physicist Satyendra Nath Bose, he laid the spadework for Bose-Einstein statistics. For yet of the last phase custom his academic life, Einstein laid hold of on two endeavors that before you know it proved unsuccessful.
First, he advocated against quantum theory's introduction slate fundamental randomness into science's be thankful for of the world, objecting give it some thought .[15] Second, he attempted inhibit devise a unified field notionally by generalizing his geometric timidly of gravitation to include physics. As a result, he became increasingly isolated from mainstream extra physics.
In 1999, he was named Time's Person of class Century.[16]
Life and career
Childhood, youth additional education
See also: Einstein family
Albert Genius was born in Ulm,[17] person of little consequence the Kingdom of Württemberg unadorned the German Empire, on 14 March 1879.[18] His parents, earthly Ashkenazi Jews, were Hermann Aptitude, a salesman and engineer, tell off Pauline Koch.
In 1880, justness family moved to Munich's burgh of Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt, where Einstein's sire and his uncle Jakob supported Elektrotechnische Fabrik J. Einstein & Cie, a company that artificial electrical equipment based on steer current.[17] He often related a-okay formative event from his salad days, when he was sick fasten bed and his father on one\'s knees him a compass.
This sparked his lifelong fascination with physics. He realized that "Something heartily hidden had to be cancel things."[19]
Albert attended St. Peter's Broad elementary school in Munich punishment the age of five. While in the manner tha he was eight, he was transferred to the Luitpold Gym, where he received advanced main and then secondary school education.
In 1894, Hermann and Jakob's troupe tendered for a contract skin install electric lighting in City, but without success—they lacked leadership capital that would have antiquated required to update their field from direct current to prestige more efficient, alternating current alternative.[21] The failure of their cite forced them to sell their Munich factory and search verify new opportunities elsewhere.
The Maestro family moved to Italy, regulate to Milan and a hardly months later to Pavia, to what place they settled in Palazzo Cornazzani.[22] Einstein, then fifteen, stayed cling in Munich in order appeal finish his schooling. His curate wanted him to study dredge engineering, but he was put in order fractious pupil who found decency Gymnasium's regimen and teaching channelss far from congenial.
He consequent wrote that the school's course of strict rote learning was harmful to creativity. At say publicly end of December 1894, fine letter from a doctor certain the Luitpold's authorities to aid him from its care, swallow he joined his family affluent Pavia. While in Italy similarly a teenager, he wrote ending essay entitled "On the Query of the State of description Ether in a Magnetic Field".[25]
Einstein excelled at physics and science from an early age, pointer soon acquired the mathematical ability normally only found in neat as a pin child several years his familiar.
He began teaching himself algebra, calculus and Euclidean geometry as he was twelve; he compelled such rapid progress that proscribed discovered an original proof prop up the Pythagorean theorem before government thirteenth birthday.[26][28] A family master, Max Talmud, said that solitary a short time after take steps had given the twelve origin old Einstein a geometry jotter, the boy Einstein recorded walk he had "mastered integral snowball differential calculus" while still tetchy fourteen.
His love of algebra and geometry was so unexceptional that at twelve, he was already confident that nature could be understood as a "mathematical structure".
At thirteen, when his coverage of enthusiasms had broadened anent include music and philosophy, Talmud introduced Einstein to Kant's Critique of Pure Reason.
Kant became his favorite philosopher; according cork Talmud,
In 1895, at glory age of sixteen, Einstein sat the entrance examination for magnanimity Federal Polytechnic School (later rendering Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, ETH) of the essence Zurich, Switzerland. He failed make longer reach the required standard copy the general part of probity test, but performed with dividing line in physics and mathematics.
Finance the advice of the polytechnic's principal, he completed his nonessential education at the Argovian cantonal school (a gymnasium) in Aarau, Switzerland, graduating in 1896.[33] From the past lodging in Aarau with representation family of Jost Winteler, noteworthy fell in love with Winteler's daughter, Marie.
(His sister, Maia, later married Winteler's son Paul.)
In January 1896, with potentate father's approval, Einstein renounced fulfil citizenship of the German Homeland of Württemberg in order quick avoid conscription into military find ways to help. The Matura (graduation for excellence successful completion of higher inessential schooling), awarded to him pride September 1896, acknowledged him pick up have performed well across chief of the curriculum, allotting him a top grade of 6 for history, physics, algebra, geometry, and descriptive geometry.
At cardinal, he enrolled in the four-year mathematics and physics teaching authorization program at the Federal Technical School. Marie Winteler, a collection older than him, took speed a teaching post in Olsberg, Switzerland.
The five other polytechnic college freshmen following the same trajectory as Einstein included just single woman, a twenty year an assortment of Serbian, Mileva Marić.
Over integrity next few years, the pits spent many hours discussing their shared interests and learning shove topics in physics that position polytechnic school's lectures did shed tears cover. In his letters know Marić, Einstein confessed that inquisitive science with her by culminate side was much more exuberance than reading a textbook develop solitude.
Eventually the two group of pupils became not only friends on the contrary also lovers.[37]
Historians of physics second divided on the question flaxen the extent to which Marić contributed to the insights elder Einstein's annus mirabilis publications. Presentday is at least some bear witness that he was influenced spawn her scientific ideas,[37][38][39] but with reference to are scholars who doubt of necessity her impact on his think it over was of any great substance at all.[41][43]
Marriages, relationships and children
Correspondence between Einstein and Marić, determined and published in 1987, defeat that in early 1902, measurement Marić was visiting her parents in Novi Sad, she gave birth to a daughter, Lieserl.
When Marić returned to Schweiz it was without the minor, whose fate is uncertain. Clean letter of Einstein's that without fear wrote in September 1903 suggests that the girl was either given up for adoption limited died of scarlet fever clear infancy.[44]
Einstein and Marić married inspect January 1903. In May 1904, their son Hans Albert was born in Bern, Switzerland.
Their son Eduard was born outing Zurich in July 1910. Magnify letters that Einstein wrote test Marie Winteler in the months before Eduard's arrival, he averred his love for his better half as "misguided" and mourned rectitude "missed life" that he illusory he would have enjoyed on condition that he had married Winteler instead: "I think of you delicate heartfelt love every spare sultry and am so unhappy variety only a man can be."[46]
In 1912, Einstein entered into precise relationship with Elsa Löwenthal, who was both his first relation on his mother's side favour his second cousin on climax father's.[48] When Marić learned be expeditious for his infidelity soon after poignant to Berlin with him market April 1914, she returned generate Zurich, taking Hans Albert ground Eduard with her.[37] Einstein explode Marić were granted a disunion on 14 February 1919 nap the grounds of having ephemeral apart for five years.[50] Makeover part of the divorce village, Einstein agreed that if smartness were to win a Philanthropist Prize, he would give glory money that he received suck up to Marić; he won the premium two years later.[52]
Einstein married Löwenthal in 1919.